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Bacteroides sp ( Bacteroides melaninogenicus group, Bacteroides oralis, and Bacteroides fragilis group), Peptostreptococcus sp, and Fusobacterium sp predominate. The observed recent increase in the number of \u03b2-lactamase\u2014producing strains of Bacteroides sp isolated in head and neck infections has been associated with increased failure rates of the penicillins in the management of these infections. The pathogenicity of these organisms is expressed through their ability not only to survive penicillin therapy but also to shield penicillin-susceptible pathogens from the drug. Because of these direct and indirect virulent characteristics of anaerobic bacteria, appropriate antimicrobial therapy must be directed against all pathogens in mixed infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00034894921010s103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,6]],"date-time":"2017-01-06T14:36:43Z","timestamp":1483713403000},"page":"9-15","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Diagnosis and Management of Anaerobic Infections of the Head and Neck"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Itzhak","family":"Brook","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1992,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00034894921010S103","volume-title":"Anaerobic bacteria in human disease","author":"Finegold SM","year":"1977"},{"key":"bibr2-00034894921010S103","volume-title":"Microorganisms indigenous to man","author":"Rosebury 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