{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T23:59:42Z","timestamp":1777420782711,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1996,3,1]],"date-time":"1996-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":825638400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Two hundred fifty gerbils and 7 chinchillas were utilized in 11 experiments to determine the effect of inoculating viable and heat-killed suspensions of Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis into the middle ear cavity. Development of otitis media was observed by otoscopy and histopathology. Gerbils were found to be susceptible to 2 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                    viable M catarrhalis cells. Depending on the number of cells inoculated, the resulting untreated inflammation was a very mild to moderately severe, self-limiting disease with no permanent sequelae except in animals inoculated with high (10\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    to 10\n                    <jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) numbers of bacteria. Viable bacteria could not be isolated from the middle ears 24 hours after inflammation was induced. Heat-killed cells produced less severe acute inflammation with no permanent sequelae. We conclude 1) gerbils and chinchillas are susceptible to a self-limited inflammation caused by M catarrhalis, 2) no infection occurs, since viable bacteria cannot be recovered from middle ear aspirates, and 3) viable cells produce more severe inflammation than heat-killed cells.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949610500311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,3]],"date-time":"2014-10-03T14:38:05Z","timestamp":1412347085000},"page":"234-241","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Experimental Otitis Media with\n                    <i>Moraxella (Branhamella) Catarrhalis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Robert S.","family":"Fulghum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Greenville, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henry G.","family":"Marrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pinehurst, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-000348949610500311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.3.4.293"},{"key":"bibr2-000348949610500311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0732-8893(86)90098-2"},{"key":"bibr3-000348949610500311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-198600313-00029"},{"key":"bibr4-000348949610500311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1967.00760050405009"},{"key":"bibr5-000348949610500311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.me.29.020178.001441"},{"key":"bibr6-000348949610500311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.45.1.29","volume":"45","author":"Howie VM","year":"1970","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"bibr7-000348949610500311","unstructured":"Kallings LO. Bacteriological aspects of infections of the upper respiratory tract. Scand J Infect Dis [Suppl]1983(suppl 39): 9\u201313."},{"key":"bibr8-000348949610500311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016488509108910"},{"key":"bibr9-000348949610500311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(83)80537-X"},{"key":"bibr10-000348949610500311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.13.1.222-223.1981"},{"key":"bibr11-000348949610500311","first-page":"170","volume":"39","author":"McLeod DT","year":"1985","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"bibr12-000348949610500311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1980.02130220029009"},{"key":"bibr13-000348949610500311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schreiner A. Pathogenicity of\n                      Branhamella catarrhalis.\n                      Acta Otolaryngol [Suppl] (Stockh) 1984(suppl 407): 40\u20132.","DOI":"10.3109\/00016488409124963"},{"key":"bibr14-000348949610500311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-198301000-00009"},{"key":"bibr15-000348949610500311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-198600313-00020"},{"key":"bibr16-000348949610500311","first-page":"47","volume":"138","author":"Louie MH","year":"1983","journal-title":"West J Med"},{"key":"bibr17-000348949610500311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-198600313-00021"},{"key":"bibr18-000348949610500311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.32.3.1113-1118.1981"},{"key":"bibr19-000348949610500311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348948209100118"},{"key":"bibr20-000348949610500311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.36.2.802-810.1982"},{"key":"bibr21-000348949610500311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5876(85)80010-0"},{"key":"bibr22-000348949610500311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5876(85)80052-5"},{"key":"bibr23-000348949610500311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03337511"},{"key":"bibr24-000348949610500311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.35.1.166-172.1982"},{"key":"bibr25-000348949610500311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100050404"},{"key":"bibr26-000348949610500311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S002221510005115X"},{"key":"bibr27-000348949610500311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100051835"},{"key":"bibr28-000348949610500311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2273.1979.tb01888.x"},{"key":"bibr29-000348949610500311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-198007000-00003"},{"key":"bibr30-000348949610500311","first-page":"221","volume-title":"Recent advances in otitis media with effusion","author":"Hoogmoed RP","year":"1984"},{"key":"bibr31-000348949610500311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00034894911000S908"},{"key":"bibr32-000348949610500311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489409126080"},{"key":"bibr33-000348949610500311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-0709(89)90006-9"},{"key":"bibr34-000348949610500311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1987.01860050067017"},{"key":"bibr35-000348949610500311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/134.6.595"},{"key":"bibr36-000348949610500311","first-page":"367","volume":"4","author":"Ser\u00e9ny B","year":"1956","journal-title":"Acta Microbiol Hung"},{"key":"bibr37-000348949610500311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016488509104790"},{"key":"bibr38-000348949610500311","unstructured":"Fulghum RS, Worthington JM. Experimental otitis media in the gerbil with\n                      Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis\n                      [Abstract]. Abstr Annu Meet Am Soc Microbiol 1987: 40."},{"key":"bibr39-000348949610500311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-198901001-00018"},{"key":"bibr40-000348949610500311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.60.7.2850-2854.1992"},{"key":"bibr41-000348949610500311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1994.tb18616.x"}],"container-title":["Annals of Otology, Rhinology &amp; Laryngology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/000348949610500311","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/000348949610500311","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:15:12Z","timestamp":1777374912000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/000348949610500311"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996,3]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/000348949610500311"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/000348949610500311","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-4894","1943-572X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-4894","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-572X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1996,3]]}}}