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The histologic measurements included muscle fiber size and digitized optical density of laryngeal muscles after glycogen depletion by electrical stimulation. The results demonstrated that the effect of timing of the second injection was strongly correlated to laryngeal changes. Most notable were results in the subjects that underwent injections 6 weeks apart. We hypothesize that these findings might be related to terminal axonal sprouting with reinnervation. The results from this study help confirm and expand the validity of using the rat laryngeal model to understand the effect of botulinum toxin. Moreover, we believe that the data might be extrapolated to prove useful in predicting human responses to botulinum toxin treatment for functional dystonias such as spasmodic dysphonia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949710601204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,3]],"date-time":"2014-10-03T14:38:05Z","timestamp":1412347085000},"page":"1012-1019","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Efficacy of Repeated Botulinum Toxin Injections as a Function of Timing"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Katsuhide","family":"Inagi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Madison, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Schultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Madison, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles N.","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Madison, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diane M.","family":"Bless","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Madison, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arthur A.","family":"Rodriquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Madison, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dennis M.","family":"Heisey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Madison, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-000348949710601204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1987.01860060029009"},{"key":"bibr2-000348949710601204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.8.1220"},{"key":"bibr3-000348949710601204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870040401"},{"key":"bibr4-000348949710601204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-198802000-00015"},{"key":"bibr5-000348949710601204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-199106000-00010"},{"key":"bibr6-000348949710601204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(05)80038-4"},{"key":"bibr7-000348949710601204","first-page":"160","volume":"23","author":"Maloney AP","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"bibr8-000348949710601204","first-page":"171","volume":"22","author":"Adams SG","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"bibr9-000348949710601204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00186224"},{"key":"bibr10-000348949710601204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(96)80012-9"},{"key":"bibr11-000348949710601204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348948709600512"},{"key":"bibr12-000348949710601204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949210101102"},{"key":"bibr13-000348949710601204","unstructured":"Inagi K, Schultz E, Ford CN. An anatomical study of the rat larynx: establishing the rat model for neuromuscular function. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg (in press)."},{"key":"bibr14-000348949710601204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949710601112"},{"key":"bibr15-000348949710601204","volume-title":"SAS\/STAT User's Guide Version 6","volume":"2","year":"1989","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr16-000348949710601204","unstructured":"Borodic GE, Ferrante RJ, Pearce LB, Alderson K. Pharmacology and histology of the therapeutic application of botulinum toxin. 1st ed. 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