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We employed antigen retrieval methods with saturated sodium hydroxide\u2014methanol solution, microwave incubation, and proteolytic treatment to demonstrate the distribution of T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, macrophages, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) expression in the middle ear. B-lymphocytes and macrophages were observed predominantly within the middle ear mucosa. T-lymphocytes were rare. Further, ICAM-1 was expressed in the vascular endothelium of the lamina propria, as well as infiltrating mononuclear cells. This suggests that the expression of ICAM-1 can be induced in the middle ear with otitis media, even if T-lymphocytes are depressed in a cell-mediated immunodeficiency disorder such as DiGeorge syndrome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949910800808","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,3]],"date-time":"2014-10-03T14:38:05Z","timestamp":1412347085000},"page":"756-761","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Inflammatory Response to Chronic Otitis Media in Digeorge Syndrome: A Case Study Using Immunohistochemistry on Archival Temporal Bone Sections"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Ganbo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isamu","family":"Sando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiaki","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carey D.","family":"Balaban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miwa","family":"Kitagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-000348949910800808","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/5.6.789"},{"key":"bibr2-000348949910800808","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0896-458"},{"key":"bibr3-000348949910800808","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(65)81796-6"},{"key":"bibr4-000348949910800808","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000992287000900822"},{"key":"bibr5-000348949910800808","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196812122792401"},{"key":"bibr6-000348949910800808","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1982.03330200082017"},{"key":"bibr7-000348949910800808","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(83)90619-X"},{"key":"bibr8-000348949910800808","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1974.00780040214012"},{"key":"bibr9-000348949910800808","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1975.00780310051014"},{"key":"bibr10-000348949910800808","first-page":"815","volume":"132","author":"Weinberg AG","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"bibr11-000348949910800808","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00034894800890S101"},{"key":"bibr12-000348949910800808","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348948409300306"},{"key":"bibr13-000348949910800808","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949710600809"},{"key":"bibr14-000348949910800808","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348948609500311"},{"key":"bibr15-000348949910800808","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/40.6.1588025"},{"key":"bibr16-000348949910800808","first-page":"301","volume-title":"Immunology of the ear","author":"Palva T","year":"1987"},{"key":"bibr17-000348949910800808","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V84.7.2068.2068"},{"key":"bibr18-000348949910800808","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489409126057"},{"key":"bibr19-000348949910800808","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/S0962935195000561"},{"key":"bibr20-000348949910800808","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/168.5.1277"},{"key":"bibr21-000348949910800808","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/78.1.121"},{"key":"bibr22-000348949910800808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3473","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.140.10.3473","volume":"140","author":"Burchett SK","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"bibr23-000348949910800808","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1041080308"},{"key":"bibr24-000348949910800808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.143.3.864","volume":"143","author":"Bonnefoy J","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Immunol"}],"container-title":["Annals of Otology, Rhinology &amp; 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