{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T06:04:34Z","timestamp":1777442674761,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]],"date-time":"2016-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1459468800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Spectrosc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The need for more environmentally friendly and efficient energy conversion is of paramount importance in developing and designing next-generation internal combustion (IC) engines for transportation applications. One effective solution to reducing emissions of mono-nitrogen oxides (NO\n                    <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) is exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), which has been widely implemented in modern vehicles. However, cylinder-to-cylinder and cycle-to-cycle variations in the charge-gas uniformity can be a major barrier to optimum EGR implementation on multi-cylinder engines, and can limit performance, stability, and efficiency. Precise knowledge and fine control over the EGR system is therefore crucial, particularly for optimizing advanced engine concepts such as reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI). An absorption-based laser diagnostic was developed to study spatiotemporal charge-gas distributions in an IC engine intake manifold in real-time. The laser was tuned to an absorption band of carbon dioxide (CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), a standard exhaust-gas marker, near 2.7\u2009\u00b5m. The sensor was capable of probing four separate measurement locations simultaneously, and independently analyzing EGR fraction at speeds of 5\u2009kHz (1.2 crank-angle degree (CAD) at 1\u2009k RPM) or faster with high accuracy. The probes were used to study spatiotemporal EGR non-uniformities in the intake manifold and ultimately promote the development of more efficient and higher performance engines.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0003702816636802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,18]],"date-time":"2016-04-18T11:57:31Z","timestamp":1460980651000},"page":"572-584","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["High-Speed Multiplexed Spatiotemporally Resolved Measurements of Exhaust Gas Recirculation Dynamics in a Multi-Cylinder Engine Using Laser Absorption Spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Jihyung","family":"Yoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fuels, Engines, and Emissions Research Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, National Transportation Research Center, Knoxville, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vitaly","family":"Prikhodko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fuels, Engines, and Emissions Research Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, National Transportation Research Center, Knoxville, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James E.","family":"Parks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fuels, Engines, and Emissions Research Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, National Transportation Research Center, Knoxville, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Perfetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cummins Inc., Cummins Technical Center, Columbus, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Geckler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cummins Inc., Cummins Technical Center, Columbus, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William P.","family":"Partridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fuels, Engines, and Emissions Research Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, National Transportation Research Center, Knoxville, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0003702816636802","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-8904(03)00194-8"},{"key":"bibr2-0003702816636802","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0082-0784(77)80395-0"},{"key":"bibr3-0003702816636802","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0082-0784(79)80055-7"},{"key":"bibr4-0003702816636802","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00102207408960341"},{"key":"bibr5-0003702816636802","volume-title":"Strategies for Nitric Oxide Laser-Induced Fluorescence in High-pressure Combustion Systems. 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