{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T22:37:16Z","timestamp":1790203036285,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627430400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Spectrosc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently there has been upsurge in reports that illicit seizures of cocaine and heroin have been adulterated with fentanyl. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) provides a useful alternative to current screening procedures that permits detection of trace levels of fentanyl in mixtures. Samples are solubilized and allowed to interact with aggregated colloidal nanostars to produce a rapid and sensitive assay. In this study, we present the quantitative determination of fentanyl in heroin and cocaine using SERS, using a point-and-shoot handheld Raman system. Our protocol is optimized to detect pure fentanyl down to 0.20\u2009\u00b1\u20090.06\u2009ng\/mL and can also distinguish pure cocaine and heroin at ng\/mL levels. Multiplex analysis of mixtures is enabled by combining SERS detection with principal component analysis and super partial least squares regression discriminate analysis (SPLS-DA), which allow for the determination of fentanyl as low as 0.05% in simulated seized heroin and 0.10% in simulated seized cocaine samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00037028211032930","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T06:01:25Z","timestamp":1627452085000},"page":"1225-1236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Multivariate Analysis Aided Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (MVA-SERS) Multiplex Quantitative Detection of Trace Fentanyl in Illicit Drug Mixtures Using a Handheld Raman Spectrometer"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Ling","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario O.","family":"Vendrell-Dones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Deriu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sevde","family":"Do\u011fruer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"de B. Harrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8366-1925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruce","family":"McCord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00037028211032930","unstructured":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). \u201cUnderstanding the Epidemic\u201d. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/drugoverdose\/epidemic\/index.html [accessed April 16 2020]."},{"key":"bibr2-00037028211032930","unstructured":"U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). \u201cDEA Issues Nationwide Alert on Fentanyl as Threat to Health and Public Safety\u201d. https:\/\/www.dea.gov\/press-releases\/2015\/03\/18\/dea-issues-nationwide-alert-fentanyl-threat-health-and-public-safety [accessed Feb 11 2020]."},{"key":"bibr3-00037028211032930","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm675152e1"},{"key":"bibr4-00037028211032930","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6911a4"},{"key":"bibr5-00037028211032930","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNDOC). \u201cGlobal Synthetic Drugs Assessment\u201d. https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/scientific\/Global_Synthetic_Drugs_Assessment_2020.pdf [accessed Jun 28 2021]."},{"key":"bibr6-00037028211032930","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6634a2"},{"key":"bibr7-00037028211032930","unstructured":"U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). \u201cCocaine\/Fentanyl Combination in Pennsylvania\u201d. 2018. https:\/\/www.dea.gov\/documents\/2018\/2018-02\/2018-02-01\/cocainefentanyl-combination-pennsylvania [accessed Jun 28 2021]."},{"key":"bibr8-00037028211032930","unstructured":"National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). \u201cFentanyl\u201d. https:\/\/www.drugabuse.gov\/drugs-abuse\/fentanyl [accessed Nov 2 2020]."},{"key":"bibr9-00037028211032930","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2349-5014.184195"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr10-00037028211032930","first-page":"439","volume":"33","author":"Poklis A.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. 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