{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T03:25:39Z","timestamp":1778642739936,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678320000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008464","name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Department of Homeland Security Fire Prevention an"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Department of Homeland Security Fire Prevention an"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008464","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008464","name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EMW-2015-FP-00361"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EMW-2015-FP-00361"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008464","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008464","name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EMW-2017-FP-00628"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EMW-2017-FP-00628"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008464","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Spectrosc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    A versatile portable tunable diode laser based measurement system for measuring elevated concentrations of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in a time-resolved manner is developed for application in the fire environment. The direct absorption tunable diode laser spectroscopy (DA-TDLAS) technique is employed using the R11 absorption line centered at 3345.3 cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    (2989.27 nm) in the fundamental C\u2013H stretching band (\u03bd\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) of the HCN absorption spectrum. The measurement system is validated using calibration gas of known HCN concentration and the relative uncertainty in measurement of HCN concentration is 4.1% at 1500 ppm. HCN concentration is measured with a sampling frequency of 1 Hz, in gas sampled from 1.5 m, 0.9 m, and 0.3 m heights in the Fireground Exposure Simulator (FES) prop at the University of Illinois Fire Service Institute, Champaign, Illinois. The immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) concentration of 50 parts per million (ppm) is exceeded at all the three sampling heights. A maximum concentration of 295 ppm is measured at the 1.5 m height. The HCN measurement system, expanded to measure HCN simultaneously from two sampling locations, is then deployed in two full-scale experiments designed to simulate a realistic residential fire environment at the Delaware County Emergency Services Training Center, Sharon Hill, Pennsylvania.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00037028231152498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T08:57:48Z","timestamp":1678352268000},"page":"382-392","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Quantification of Elevated Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) Concentration Typical in a Residential Fire Environment Using Mid-IR Tunable Diode Laser"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"77","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1191-576X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shruti","family":"Ghanekar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"},{"name":"Fire Safety Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, Champaign, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4364-9673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gavin P.","family":"Horn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fire Safety Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, Champaign, IL, USA"},{"name":"Illinois Fire Service Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Columbia, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0446-3136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard M.","family":"Kesler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fire Safety Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, Champaign, IL, USA"},{"name":"Illinois Fire Service Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Columbia, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0458-0842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajavasanth","family":"Rajasegar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jihyung","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automotive Engineering, Hanyang University, South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tonghun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00037028231152498","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10694-011-0249-2"},{"key":"bibr2-00037028231152498","volume-title":"Home Structure Fires","author":"Ahrens M.","year":"2021"},{"key":"bibr3-00037028231152498","volume":"21","author":"USFA-FEMA","year":"2021","journal-title":"Topical Fire Report Series"},{"key":"bibr4-00037028231152498","volume":"21","author":"USFA FEMA","year":"2021","journal-title":"Topical Fire Report Series"},{"key":"bibr5-00037028231152498","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2565-0"},{"key":"bibr6-00037028231152498","unstructured":"NIOSH. \u201cHydrogen Cyanide - Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations\u201d. 1994. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/idlh\/74908.html [accessed Jan 19 2023]."},{"key":"bibr7-00037028231152498","volume-title":"Respirator Selection Logic","author":"NIOSH","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr8-00037028231152498","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/073490418700500403"},{"key":"bibr9-00037028231152498","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1533\/9781845698072.4.461"},{"key":"bibr10-00037028231152498","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2565-0_63"},{"key":"bibr11-00037028231152498","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.firesaf.2017.05.003"},{"key":"bibr12-00037028231152498","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.54206\/102376\/SLZH7498"},{"key":"bibr13-00037028231152498","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.54206\/102376\/YMPJ4047"},{"key":"bibr14-00037028231152498","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40038-016-0012-3"},{"key":"bibr15-00037028231152498","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13140\/RG.2.2.14850.79048"},{"key":"bibr16-00037028231152498","volume-title":"Combustion Products and Their Effects on Life Safety","volume":"2","author":"Gann R.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr17-00037028231152498","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12268"},{"key":"bibr18-00037028231152498","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2018.1445260"},{"key":"bibr19-00037028231152498","volume-title":"Report of the Technical Investigation of The Station Nightclub Fire (NIST NCSTAR 2)","author":"Grosshandler W","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr20-00037028231152498","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10694-013-0354-5"},{"key":"bibr21-00037028231152498","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fam.761"},{"key":"bibr22-00037028231152498","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fam.2893"},{"key":"bibr23-00037028231152498","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145332"},{"key":"bibr24-00037028231152498","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2245374"},{"key":"bibr25-00037028231152498","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fuels2040025"},{"key":"bibr26-00037028231152498","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00340-017-6842-4"},{"key":"bibr27-00037028231152498","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pr9112033"},{"key":"bibr28-00037028231152498","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2011.03.008"},{"key":"bibr29-00037028231152498","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proci.2018.07.105"},{"key":"bibr30-00037028231152498","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-4073(03)00161-4"},{"key":"bibr31-00037028231152498","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2017.06.038"},{"key":"bibr32-00037028231152498","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.57.009086"},{"key":"bibr33-00037028231152498","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00340-017-6850-4"},{"key":"bibr34-00037028231152498","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00340-012-5143-1"},{"key":"bibr35-00037028231152498","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.firesaf.2020.103114"},{"key":"bibr36-00037028231152498","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118971147.ch5"},{"key":"bibr37-00037028231152498","unstructured":"National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). \u201cPrediction\u201d. In: Engineering Statistics Handbook. Chap. 4.3.1.2. https:\/\/www.itl.nist.gov\/div898\/handbook\/pmd\/section1\/pmd132.htm [accessed Jan 19 2023]."},{"key":"bibr38-00037028231152498","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10694-020-00981-3"},{"key":"bibr39-00037028231152498","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10694-019-00915-8"},{"key":"bibr40-00037028231152498","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.54206\/102376\/DPTN2682"},{"key":"bibr41-00037028231152498","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.54206\/102376\/ZKXW6893"},{"key":"bibr42-00037028231152498","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10694-012-0294-5"},{"key":"bibr43-00037028231152498","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10694-017-0652-4"},{"key":"bibr44-00037028231152498","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.firesaf.2022.103534"},{"key":"bibr45-00037028231152498","unstructured":"NFPA 1700. \u201cGuide for Structural Fire Fighting\u201d. In: National Fire Protection Association. 2021. Quincy, Massachusetts. https:\/\/www.nfpa.org\/codes-and-standards\/all-codes-and-standards\/list-of-codes-and-standards\/detail?code=1700"}],"container-title":["Applied Spectroscopy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00037028231152498","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00037028231152498","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00037028231152498","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:19:21Z","timestamp":1777378761000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00037028231152498"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00037028231152498"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00037028231152498","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-7028","1943-3530"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-7028","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3530","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]}}}