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The pathogens trigger an inflammatory response that hinders bone tissue regeneration. Treatment requires surgical intervention, which involves the precise removal of infected tissue, wound cleansing, and local and systemic antibiotic administration. Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is one of the most common pathogens causing infection-induced OM and PJIs. It forms antimicrobial-resistant biofilms and is frequently found in healthcare settings. In this proof-of-concept, we present an approach based on multiple spectroscopic techniques aimed at investigating the effects of SA infection on bone tissue, as well as identifying specific markers useful to detect early bacterial colonization on the tissue surface. A cross-section of a human femoral diaphysis, with negative-culture results, was divided into three parts, and the cortical and trabecular regions were separated from each other. Two portions of each bone tissue type were infected with SA for one and seven days, respectively. Multiple techniques were used to investigate the impact of the infection on bone tissue, Brillouin\u2013Raman microspectroscopy and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were employed to assess and develop a new noninvasive diagnostic method to detect SA by targeting the bone of the host. The results indicate that exposure to SA infection significantly alters the bone structure, especially in the case of the trabecular type, even after just one day. Moreover, Raman spectral markers of the tissue damage were identified, indicating that this technique can detect the effect of the pathogens\u2019 presence in bone biopsies and pave the way for potential application during surgery, due to its nondestructive and contactless nature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00037028241278903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T04:36:29Z","timestamp":1727670989000},"page":"1295-1306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Combining Multiple Spectroscopic Techniques to Reveal the Effects of\n                    <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>\n                    Infection on Human Bone Tissues"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"78","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8667-7394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Alunni Cardinali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Govoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reconstructive Orthopaedic Surgery and Innovative Techniques \u2013 Musculoskeletal Tissue Bank, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Stefani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Maso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and GMP Quality Control, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Storni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and GMP Quality Control, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Valenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melania","family":"Maglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Science and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Assunta","family":"Morresi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Fioretto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Geology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy"},{"name":"CEMIN\u2013Center of Excellence for Innovative Nanostructured Material, Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dante","family":"Dallari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reconstructive Orthopaedic Surgery and Innovative Techniques \u2013 Musculoskeletal Tissue Bank, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4920-2784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Sassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00037028241278903","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2020.115568"},{"key":"bibr2-00037028241278903","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00111-13"},{"key":"bibr3-00037028241278903","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.05.015"},{"key":"bibr4-00037028241278903","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16155304"},{"key":"bibr5-00037028241278903","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.03.018"},{"key":"bibr6-00037028241278903","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00084-17"},{"key":"bibr7-00037028241278903","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17453674.2014.966290"},{"key":"bibr8-00037028241278903","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2017.1313372"},{"key":"bibr9-00037028241278903","unstructured":"Fantoni M., Taccari F., Giovannenze F. \u201cDiagnosis and Management of Chronic Infection\u201d. 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