{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T01:26:10Z","timestamp":1790299570369,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Spectrosc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Under various atmospheric conditions, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a powerful technique for elemental analysis, including in Earth- and Mars-like environments. However, understanding the plasma behavior and its dependence on ambient pressure and laser parameters remains a challenge. In this study, a numerical model based on a three-temperature Eulerian radiation framework under non-local thermodynamic equilibrium conditions is employed to investigate the interaction of a nanosecond laser pulse with a graphite target under helium (He) and carbon dioxide (CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    atmospheres. The aim is to provide insights into the effects of focusing conditions and ambient pressure (3 to 9 mbar and 1000 mbar) on plasma parameters relevant to both Earth- and Mars-like settings. Our results show that increased ambient pressure significantly enhances electron and ion densities, while the focusing conditions influence the temperature and fluid velocity of plasma species, as well as the spatial distribution and intensity of the plasma, ultimately affecting its diagnostic potential. These findings are critical for optimizing LIBS applications in planetary exploration and contribute to improving quantitative analyses under varying atmospheric compositions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00037028241307675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T00:38:57Z","timestamp":1735864737000},"page":"1102-1119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Focusing Effects on Laser-Induced Plasma Parameters: Applications to a Graphite Target Under Martian Atmospheric Conditions"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"79","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8862-9353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kouider","family":"Benbaier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Theoretical Physics Laboratory, Physics Department, Sciences Faculty, Tlemcen University, Tlemcen, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Abdelmalek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Theoretical Physics Laboratory, Physics Department, Sciences Faculty, Tlemcen University, Tlemcen, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8375-4232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeyneb","family":"Bedrane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Theoretical Physics Laboratory, Physics Department, Sciences Faculty, Tlemcen University, Tlemcen, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5392-9225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noureddine","family":"Melikechi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Applied Physics, Kennedy College of Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-20668-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1366\/11-06574"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-014-8433-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sab.2016.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/9789811258961_0007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03091902.2011.645946"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2020.12.054"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2017.05.005"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Rapid In Situ Nutrient Element Distribution in Plants and Soils Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)","volume":"495","author":"Andrews H.B.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Andrews H.B., Martin M.Z., Wymore A.M., Kalluri U.C.. \u201cRapid In Situ Nutrient Element Distribution in Plants and Soils Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)\u201d. Plant Soil. 2023. 495(2): 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11104-023-05988-7","journal-title":"Plant Soil."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1366\/11-06349"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-8949\/2017\/T170\/014003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/B920384B"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-818829-3.00020-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sab.2005.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/ab7f74"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003702820961437"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7567\/APEX.7.032402"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-012-9902-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-020-00777-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sab.2014.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sab.2016.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GL079210"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sab.2021.106247"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sab.2018.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.497188"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sab.2021.106302"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sab.2021.106115"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sab.2009.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/ab492a"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2006.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.488250"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2005.05.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","volume-title":"Foundations of Radiation Hydrodynamics","author":"Mihalas D.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Mihalas D., Mihalas B.W.. Foundations of Radiation Hydrodynamics. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511536182"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sab.2012.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4745867"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","unstructured":"The Flash Center for Computational Science. \u201cFLASH User\u2019s Guide Version-4.6.2\u201d. New York: University of Rochester 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","first-page":"636375","article-title":"A Radiation-Hydrodynamics Code Comparison for Laser-Produced Plasmas: FLASH Versus HYDRA and the Results of Validation Experiments","volume":"7","author":"Orban C.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Orban C., Fatenejad M., Chawla S., Wilks S., et al. \u201cA Radiation-Hydrodynamics Code Comparison for Laser-Produced Plasmas: FLASH Versus HYDRA and the Results of Validation Experiments\u201d. ArXiv. 2013. 7: 636375 10.48550\/arXiv.1306.1584","journal-title":"ArXiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2013.02.049"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2004.08.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.61.895"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0067-0049\/192\/1\/9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4655(89)90023-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hedp.2014.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","unstructured":"Kramida A. Ralchenko Yu. Reader J. NIST ASD Team. \u201cNIST Atomic Spectra Database (ver. 5.9)\u201d. https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/pml\/atomic-spectra-database [accessed Oct 30 2021]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sab.2011.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2012.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hedp.2012.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hedp.2013.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physo.2019.100003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1544070"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.62.4152"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4869076"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sab.2008.08.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.366276"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/atoms8030050"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sab.2021.106115"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4973848"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app11156919"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2004.09.093"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2018.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2182078"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.92.053103","article-title":"Simulation of Emission Spectra from Nonuniform Reactive Laser-Induced Plasmas","volume":"92","author":"Hermann J.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hermann J., Lorusso A., Perrone A., Strafella F., et al. \u201cSimulation of Emission Spectra from Nonuniform Reactive Laser-Induced Plasmas\u201d. Phys. Rev. E: Stat. Phys., Plasmas, Fluids, Relat. Interdiscip. Top. 2015. 92: 5.","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E: Stat. Phys., Plasmas, Fluids, Relat. Interdiscip. Top"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.66.066406"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1544070"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-011-6730-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0584-8547(90)80188-O"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4869076"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sab.2020.105774"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2188084"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4812580"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2006.07.059","article-title":"Experimental Mathematical Model of Nanosecond Laser Interaction with Material","volume":"253","author":"J. Martan","year":"2006","unstructured":"J. Martan, Kunes J., Semmar N.. \"Experimental Mathematical Model of Nanosecond Laser Interaction with Material\u201d. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2006. 253(7): 3525\u20133532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apsusc.2006.07.059","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","volume-title":"Effect of High Power Laser Radiation","author":"Ready J.F.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Ready J.F.. Effect of High Power Laser Radiation. New York: Academic Press, 1971."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sab.2010.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sab.2021.106114"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.017021"}],"container-title":["Applied Spectroscopy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00037028241307675","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00037028241307675","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00037028241307675","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:20:30Z","timestamp":1777378830000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00037028241307675"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00037028241307675"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00037028241307675","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-7028","1943-3530"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-7028","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3530","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]}}}