{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T21:34:19Z","timestamp":1788557659508,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761004800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007070","name":"Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002923","name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Spectrosc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Raman spectroscopy was applied to monitor polymerization, verify quality control, and analyze additive distribution in styrene\u2013divinylbenzene (Sty\u2013DVB) based proppants. The method relies on C=C vibrational markers to follow monomer consumption, crosslinking, and additive incorporation. Quality control included quantifying vinyl, cis, and trans C=C in polybutadiene (PB) modifiers and the ethyl-vinyl benzene (EVB) content in DVB crosslinkers. EVB content by Raman showed excellent agreement with independent carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (\u00b9\u00b3C-NMR) measurements. Styrene copolymerization with DVB was tracked in real time using a fiber-optic Raman probe in a temperature-controlled microreactor. DVB accelerates styrene consumption due to its higher reactivity and radical stabilization. PB additives do not affect overall polymerization kinetics. In terms of additives, Raman calibration confirms that PB double bonds remain largely unreacted, consistent with limited copolymerization and phase separation. Polyphenylene oxide (PPO) slows down Sty polymerization while Raman mapping demonstrates its homogeneous dispersion within the matrix, validating its incorporation and expected impact on material properties. Overall, Raman spectroscopy provides a direct, non-invasive, and scalable approach to monitor polymerization and verify additive distribution, establishing it as a practical tool for process optimization in Sty\u2013DVB proppant formulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00037028251386484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T06:28:18Z","timestamp":1758868098000},"page":"60-70","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Raman Spectroscopy for Monitoring Polymerization, Quality Control, and Additive Distribution in Styrene\u2013Divinylbenzene-Based Proppants"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Marcelo Sosa","family":"Morales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Science and Technology (INTEMA)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1934-501X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C. J.","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Science and Technology (INTEMA)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5468-0705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa M. S.","family":"Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest Chemistry Institute (INQUINOA), National Research Council (CONICET), National University of Tucum\u00e1n"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas","family":"Fabian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council (CONICET), University of Buenos Aires"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Carella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Science and Technology (INTEMA)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2112-4953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Pablo","family":"Tomba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Science and Technology (INTEMA)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petlm.2015.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petlm.2019.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2509(00)00100-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ie960361g"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jngse.2020.103717"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","unstructured":"Bicerano J.. Thermoset Nanocomposite Particles Processing for Their Production and Their Use in Oil and Natural Gas Drilling Applications. Worldwide Patent WO2006072069A2. Filed 2005. Issued 2007."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","unstructured":"Bicerano J. Albright R.L.. Thermoset Nanocomposite Particles Processing for Their Production and Their Use in Oil and Natural Gas Drilling Applications. US Patent 008088718B2. Filed 2004. Issued 2012."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","unstructured":"Carella J.M. Piacentini C. Perez C.J. Tomba J.P.. Synthetic Nanocompounds in the Form of Microparticles Process for Producing the Same Propping Agents and Fracturing Fluids for Gas and Oil Extraction Processes. US Patent 20170306218A1. Filed 2015. Issued 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mren.202000035"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.27211"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ie034278m"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.4279"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/IE050451Y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1366\/0003702963904908"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1366\/0003702001949708"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.4195"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1366\/000370207779947477"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.2843"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nyquist R.. \u201cBenzene and Its Derivatives\u201d. In: R.A. Nyquist editor. Interpreting Infrared Raman and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra. San Diego: Academic Press 2001. Chap. 9 Pp. 351\u2013423. 10.1016\/B978-012523475-7\/50189-3","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012523475-7\/50189-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00037028231202791"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pola.10971"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.5554"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","unstructured":"SpectraBase. \u201cPara-Ethylstyrene (CAS RN: 28106-30-1)\u201d. https:\/\/spectrabase.com\/search?q=28106-30-1 [accessed 24 September 2025]."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pol.1965.100030128"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma0474630"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nelissen L.N.I.H.. \u201cA Novel Route to Blends of Polystyrene and Poly(2 6-dimethyl-1 4-Phenylene Ether): Synthesis Properties and Applications\u201d. [Doctor of Philosophy Chemical Engineering and Chemistry]. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 10.6100\/IR352941","DOI":"10.6100\/IR352941"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.1893"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1366\/000370276774456787"}],"container-title":["Applied Spectroscopy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00037028251386484","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00037028251386484","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00037028251386484","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:20:54Z","timestamp":1777378854000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00037028251386484"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00037028251386484"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00037028251386484","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-7028","1943-3530"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-7028","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3530","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]}}}