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This lensing effect of waves changes the strength and effective sampling depth of optical signals detected by a remote sensor relative to the flat-water condition. In this work, a small remote optical sensor was used to observe the impact of the lensing effect on Raman scattering of water in a diving pool. This manuscript reports the impact of avalanche multiplication noise on the Raman scattering of flat water; the appearance of bright wave-induced Raman \u201cflashes\u201d analogous to, but stronger than, those observed for sunlight focusing; an approximately logarithmic distribution of signal strengths; and an increase in the average signal strength observed in the presence of waves. A mathematical model of the lensing effect in weak lensing conditions was developed for sinusoidal waves and employed to interpret the observed variability of the Raman signal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00037028261455069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T07:52:16Z","timestamp":1779781936000},"page":"866-880","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Wave Lensing Effects on a Remote Raman Sensor: Enhanced Mean and the Intensity Distribution of Raman Flashes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"80","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0628-0101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paige K.","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1080-1949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Whitney E.","family":"Schuler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5361-4749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zechariah B.","family":"Kitzhaber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O Box 2008, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8281-9340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caitlyn M.","family":"English","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Savannah River National Laboratory, Savannah River Site, Aiken, South Carolina 29808, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1252-586X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Vitzilaios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0667-3455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tammi L.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6905-0925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael L.","family":"Myrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"1120","article-title":"Raman-Scattering Cross-Section of Liquid Water","volume":"38","author":"Romanov N.P.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Romanov N.P., Shuklin V.S.. \u201cRaman-Scattering Cross-Section of Liquid Water\u201d. 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