{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T01:12:59Z","timestamp":1783905179921,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Spectrosc"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study investigated the influence of microwave (MW) on signal enhancement, shot-to-shot repeatability of emission signals, and parameters of laser-induced plasma (LIP) of soil samples. A neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser working at its fundamental wavelength, with energy ranging from 40 to 260\u2005mJ was utilized in conjunction with MW power varying from 400 to 1200\u2005W to generate plasma. The plasma emissions were recorded and analyzed with a spectrometer (LIBS 2500 Plus, Ocean Optics) at varying detector gate delay (DGD) up to 5 \u00b5s. At optimized laser energy of 140\u2005mJ and MW power of 1.2\u2005kW, the emission signal intensities and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) were enhanced by up to seven-fold and nine-fold, respectively, compared to conventional LIBS. Furthermore, MW coupling with plasma significantly improved LIBS repeatability by reducing the relative standard deviation (RSD) of emission line intensities from 38% to 11% and from 18% to 4%, for Mg and Si, respectively. Additionally, the MW-assisted LIBS also decreased shot-to-shot fluctuations in plasma temperature (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>e<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) from 15% to 6%, and in electron density (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>e<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) from 14% to 7%. These improvements in sensitivity and stability due to MW-assisted LIBS pave the way for future quantitative analysis and the detection of trace elemental contaminants in soil at low concentration levels (e.g., ppm), which is a critical application in environmental monitoring.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00037028261455373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T07:52:56Z","timestamp":1779781976000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Improvement in the Sensitivity and Reproducibility of Laser-Induced Soil Plasma Produced in a Microwave Environment"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"M. 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