{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T14:54:18Z","timestamp":1790952858902,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate","award":["70RSAT18KPM00080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["70RSAT18KPM00080"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Spectrosc"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    There is a need for rapid non-contact detection of trace explosives on arbitrary surfaces for applications such as checkpoint screening and post-blast forensics. In this work, active longwave infrared imaging, using a tunable quantum cascade laser light source, is shown to be able to detect three common explosives on typical luggage material substrates at surface concentrations as low as 230 ng\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Use of a random forest machine learning algorithm, trained using synthetically produced spectra, allows performance beyond predicted limitations of speckle noise. The random forest algorithm further allows discrimination against ambient dust without specific training. Use of high collection angles reduces the dynamic range requirement of the system without impairing performance. Potential system improvements are discussed to meet the area coverage rate needs of several applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00037028261471887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T11:45:42Z","timestamp":1790682342000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Machine Learning Augmented Detection of Trace Explosives on Surfaces Using Active Longwave Infrared Imaging"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3467-2499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Barney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8717-9768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitesh","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Herzog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Jong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Kenngott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keegan","family":"Quigley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6702-9295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roderick R.","family":"Kunz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.59.9.092011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/519\/1\/012007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003702818780414"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-7689-6_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.3083142"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2017.12.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.22.014392"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2655234"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-4884-7_18"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","first-page":"94672S\u20131","volume-title":"Proceedings of SPIE vol. 9467","author":"Kotidis P","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kotidis P, Deutsch ER, Goyal A. Standoff detection of chemical and biological threats using miniature widely tunable QCLs. In: George T, Dutta AK, Islam MS, eds. Proceedings of SPIE vol. 9467. SPIE; 2015:94672S\u20131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/12.2178169."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/3.2548484"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","first-page":"90730M","volume-title":"Proceedings of SPIE vol. 9073","author":"Furstenberg R","year":"2014","unstructured":"Furstenberg R, Kendziora CA, Papantonakis MR, Nguyen V, McGill RA. The challenge of changing signatures in infrared stand-off detection of trace explosives. In: Fountain AW ed. Proceedings of SPIE vol. 9073. SPIE; 2014:90730M. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/12.2050621."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","unstructured":"Furstenberg R Fischer T Nguyen VK Andrew McGill R Kendziora C Papantonakis M. Processing of Solid Micron Sized Particles for Rapid Deposition on Substrate Surfaces with Uniform Particle Distribution. US11465179B2. 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