{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T14:58:40Z","timestamp":1790521120695,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Spectrosc"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Visible microspectrophotometry enables the nondestructive acquisition of spectral information from microscopic regions and constitutes a valuable tool for the experimental teaching of spectroscopy, microscopy, and optical instrumentation. This work presents the design, fabrication, and evaluation of a low-cost ocular microspectrophotometer (OMP), developed using 3D printing and designed for integration with conventional optical microscopes. The device incorporates a diffraction grating, optical apertures, and a CMOS sensor to acquire continuous spectra over the 433-827\u2005nm wavelength range from microscopic regions approximately 40\u2005\u00b5m in diameter. In addition, a Python-based algorithm was developed to convert spectral images into transmittance vectors and calibrate the pixel-to-wavelength relationship. The system achieved a spectral resolution of approximately 0.84\u2005nm\/pixel and was validated using reference optical filters. Its educational potential was demonstrated through the spectral characterization of the RGB subpixels of a smartphone LCD screen and the analysis of the transmittance of a plant leaf. These activities provide an effective means of introducing concepts such as additive color synthesis, spatial resolution, light\u2013matter interaction, and digital image processing. The OMP constitutes an accessible and reproducible platform that integrates additive manufacturing, digital image processing, and hands-on experimentation for teaching spectroscopy, microscopy, and the design of scientific instrumentation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00037028261492052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T08:29:05Z","timestamp":1789547345000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Low-Cost 3D-Printed Ocular Microspectrophotometer for Teaching Visible Spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4211-3938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I.","family":"Orlando-Guerrero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of la Ca\u00f1ada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7271-6513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"U.","family":"Ruiz-Corona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Optical and Electronic Astrophysics, Puebla, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4299-5865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Z.","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Paxtian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of la Ca\u00f1ada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8687-2202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.M.","family":"Santib\u00e1\u00f1ez-Camarillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of la Ca\u00f1ada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0197-8073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ordaz-Hern\u00e1ndez","family":"A.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of la Ca\u00f1ada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3CS00734K"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejss.13481"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"Khodabakhsh A. Fourier transform and Vernier spectroscopy using optical frequency combs. PhD Dissertation Ume\u00e5 University; 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","volume-title":"Diffraction Grating Handbook","author":"Palmer C","year":"2005","unstructured":"Palmer C, Loewen EG. Diffraction Grating Handbook. Newport Corporation; 2005."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","volume-title":"Modern Spectroscopy","author":"Hollas JM.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hollas JM. Modern Spectroscopy. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons; 2004.","edition":"4"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"93","article-title":"Desarrollo de un Espectr\u00f3metro de Difracci\u00f3n y su Programa de Control Utilizando Elementos Comerciales de Bajo Costo","volume":"30","author":"Ormachea O","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ormachea O, Urquidi O, Cisneros J. Desarrollo de un Espectr\u00f3metro de Difracci\u00f3n y su Programa de Control Utilizando Elementos Comerciales de Bajo Costo. 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