{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T06:31:22Z","timestamp":1777444282643,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,20]],"date-time":"2017-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505865600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann Clin Biochem"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The dilution or adulteration of urine is a serious problem in drugs of abuse testing. Tests to identify adulteration are currently available. This study investigated the ability of the CEDIA\u00ae sample check to detect adulteration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eight different drugs of abuse were added to a urine sample obtained from a healthy, drug-free subject: 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, benzoylecgonine, D-amphetamine sulphate, ethyl-D-glucuronide, morphine sulphate, oxazepam, (-)-11-nor-9-carboxy-\u0394\n                      <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                      -tetrahydrocannabinol. Urine samples were diluted to yield three samples of drugs of abuse concentrations close to general cut-offs as used in methadone treatment centres, by health authorities for psychological tests and in traffic medicine. Aspirin, citric acid, CrO\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      , H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , soap, sodium metaborate, vitamin C were added in three, HCl and NaOH in one, and NaN\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      in two concentrations. All samples were measured with commercially available immunological assays shortly after sample preparation and 24\u2009h later. All samples were further analysed with the CEDIA\u00ae sample check reaction which may identify adulteration.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Oxidizing reagents (H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      or CrO\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) are most effective in interfering in the measurement of benzoylecgonine, EDDP, ethyl-D-glucuronide and morphine sulphate. The measurement of (-)-11-nor-9-carboxy-\u0394\n                      <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                      -tetrahydrocannabinol is affected by many adulterants. Adulteration with HCl and NaOH was identified with the sample check reaction. NaN\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      generated false negative results for a number of drugs of abuse.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Urine samples with drugs of abuse concentrations above cut-offs can be successfully tampered with adulterants in a way which cannot be detected with the CEDIA\u00ae sample check assay.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0004563217725089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,26]],"date-time":"2018-04-26T12:42:48Z","timestamp":1524746568000},"page":"348-354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["False-negative results in the immunoassay analysis of drugs of abuse: can adulterants be detected by sample check test?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Barbara","family":"Matriciani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory, Municipal Hospitals Cologne, Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Huppertz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory, Municipal Hospitals Cologne, Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruprecht","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory, Municipal Hospitals Cologne, Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Weiskirchen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0004563217725089","first-page":"29","volume":"19","author":"Paul BD","year":"2007","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Rev"},{"key":"bibr2-0004563217725089","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4155\/bio.14.102"},{"key":"bibr3-0004563217725089","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59259-951-6_13"},{"key":"bibr4-0004563217725089","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkw055"},{"key":"bibr5-0004563217725089","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acc.2016.05.003"},{"key":"bibr6-0004563217725089","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/29.7.658"},{"key":"bibr7-0004563217725089","unstructured":"Detoxforless: need to pass a urine drug test, www.detoxforless.com (accessed 10 July 2017)."},{"key":"bibr8-0004563217725089","unstructured":"wikiHow to do anything. How to pass a drug test on short notice, www.wikihow.com\/Pass-a-Drug-Test-on-Short-Notice (accessed 10 July 2017)."},{"key":"bibr9-0004563217725089","unstructured":"Spectrum Labs \u2013 makers of quick fix synthetic urine, www.urineluck.com (accessed 10 July 2017)."},{"key":"bibr10-0004563217725089","unstructured":"ThermoScientific. CEDIA\u00ae sample check assay, https:\/\/static.thermoscientific.com\/images\/D13616\u223c.pdf (accessed 10 July 2017)."},{"key":"bibr11-0004563217725089","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/32.9.1637"},{"key":"bibr12-0004563217725089","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4155\/bio.09.81"},{"key":"bibr13-0004563217725089","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2006.11.008"},{"key":"bibr14-0004563217725089","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1309\/FQY06F8XKTQPM149"},{"key":"bibr15-0004563217725089","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/35.4.636"},{"key":"bibr16-0004563217725089","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/34.11.2333"},{"key":"bibr17-0004563217725089","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/40.4.608"},{"key":"bibr18-0004563217725089","unstructured":"Miltner E, Mattern R, Schubert W. Unbestimmte Begriffe in der Begutachtung von Fahrt\u00fcchtigkeit und Fahreignung, Bonn, Germany: Kirschbaum Verlag, 2009, pp. 1\u201356."},{"key":"bibr19-0004563217725089","unstructured":"SAMHSA criteria for diluted urine, www.samhsa.gov\/workplace\/resources (accessed 10 July 2017)."},{"key":"bibr20-0004563217725089","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007691-200312000-00011"},{"key":"bibr21-0004563217725089","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bks082"}],"container-title":["Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0004563217725089","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0004563217725089","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0004563217725089","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:23:18Z","timestamp":1777378998000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0004563217725089"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,20]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0004563217725089"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0004563217725089","relation":{},"ISSN":["0004-5632","1758-1001"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0004-5632","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1001","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,20]]}}}