{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:26:41Z","timestamp":1791289601362,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,26]],"date-time":"2020-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608940800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann Clin Biochem"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Serological assays for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have roles in seroepidemiology, convalescent plasma-testing, antibody durability and vaccine studies. Currently, SARS-CoV-2 serology is performed using serum\/plasma collected by venepuncture. Dried blood spot (DBS) testing offers significant advantages as it is minimally invasive, avoids venepuncture with specimens being mailed to the laboratory.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A pathway utilizing a newborn screening laboratory infrastructure was developed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect IgG antibodies against the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in DBS specimens. Paired plasma and DBS specimens from SARS-CoV-2 antibody-positive and -negative subjects and polymerase chain reaction positive subjects were tested. DBS specimen stability, effect of blood volume and punch location were also evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>DBS specimens from antibody-negative ( n\u2009=\u200985) and -positive ( n\u2009=\u200935) subjects and polymerase chain reaction positive subjects ( n\u2009=\u200911) had a mean (SD; range) optical density (OD) of 0.14 (0.046; 0.03\u20130.27), 0.98 (0.41; 0.31\u20131.64) and 1.12 (0.37; 0.49\u20131.54), respectively. An action value OD &gt;0.28 correctly assigned all cases. The weighted Deming regression for comparison of the DBS and the plasma assay yielded: y\u2009=\u20090.004041\u2009+\u20091.005 x, r\u2009=\u20090.991, Sy\/ x 0.171, n\u2009=\u200982. Extraction efficiency of antibodies from DBS specimens was &gt;99%. DBS specimens were stable for at least 28\u2009days at ambient room temperature and humidity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SARS-CoV-2 IgG receptor-binding domain antibodies can be reliably detected in DBS specimens. DBS serological testing offers lower costs than either point of care or serum\/plasma assays that require patient travel, phlebotomy and hospital\/clinic resources; the development of a DBS assay may be particularly important for resource poor settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0004563220981106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T10:42:56Z","timestamp":1606992176000},"page":"123-131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Development of a high-throughput SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing pathway using dried blood spot specimens"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3592-2254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stuart J","family":"Moat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wales Newborn Screening Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Immunology and Toxicology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, Wales, UK"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wioleta M","family":"Zelek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Immunity University Research Institute and Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Carne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunodeficiency Centre for Wales, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0236-1059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark J","family":"Ponsford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunodeficiency Centre for Wales, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK"},{"name":"Division of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Bramhall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunodeficiency Centre for Wales, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weqas, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tariq","family":"El-Shanawany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunodeficiency Centre for Wales, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matt P","family":"Wise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weqas, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chloe","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Welsh Blood Service, Ely Valley Road, Talbot Green, Pontyclun, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Fegan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Haematology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, Wales, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachael","family":"Steven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunodeficiency Centre for Wales, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunodeficiency Centre for Wales, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Weeks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B Paul","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Immunity University Research Institute and Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Jolles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunodeficiency Centre for Wales, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0004563220981106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvaa122"},{"key":"bibr2-0004563220981106","unstructured":"FDA. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Emergency Use Authorizations for medical devices, https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/medical-devices\/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-emergency-use-authorizations-medical-devices\/eua-authorized-serology-test-performance (2020, accessed August 2020)."},{"key":"bibr3-0004563220981106","unstructured":"FDA. Emergency Use Authorization, https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/emergency-preparedness-and-response\/mcm-legal-regulatory-and-policy-framework\/emergency-use-authorization#sarscov2antibody (2020, accessed August 2020)."},{"key":"bibr4-0004563220981106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvaa107"},{"key":"bibr5-0004563220981106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijns6020026"},{"key":"bibr6-0004563220981106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2777-y"},{"key":"bibr7-0004563220981106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3529-3"},{"key":"bibr8-0004563220981106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00373"},{"key":"bibr9-0004563220981106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167433"},{"key":"bibr10-0004563220981106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpmc.100"},{"key":"bibr11-0004563220981106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0913-5"},{"key":"bibr12-0004563220981106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karp DG, Danh K, Seftel D, et\u00a0al. A serological assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in at-home collected fingerprick dried bloodspots.\n                      Sci Rep\n                      2020; 10: 20188. doi: 10.1038\/s41598-020-76913-6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76913-6"},{"key":"bibr13-0004563220981106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klumpp-Thomas C, Kalish H, Drew M, et\u00a0al. Standardization of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for serosurveys of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic using clinical and at-home blood sampling. Preprint at https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2020.04.28.20081844v1.full.pdf\u00b1html (2020).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20383-x"},{"key":"bibr14-0004563220981106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDade TW, McNally E, D\u2019Aquila R, et\u00a0al. Enzyme immunoassay for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in dried blood spot samples: a minimally-invasive approach to facilitate community- and population-based screening. Preprint at https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2020.04.28.20081844v1 (2020).","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.28.20081844"},{"key":"bibr15-0004563220981106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2816"},{"key":"bibr16-0004563220981106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2612.203309"},{"key":"bibr17-0004563220981106","unstructured":"Roxhead N, Bendes A, Dale M, et\u00a0al. A translational multiplex approach to profile the prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in home sampled blood. Preprint at https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2020.07.01.20143966v1 (2020)."},{"key":"bibr18-0004563220981106","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Shipping guidelines for dried-blood spot specimens, https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/labstandards\/pdf\/nsqap\/Bloodspot_Transportation_Guidelines.pdf (2017, accessed November 2020)."},{"key":"bibr19-0004563220981106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v8.i8.1391"},{"key":"bibr20-0004563220981106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(20)30003-3"},{"key":"bibr21-0004563220981106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abc8413"},{"key":"bibr22-0004563220981106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3364"},{"key":"bibr23-0004563220981106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2015.247668"},{"key":"bibr24-0004563220981106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2016.268425"},{"key":"bibr25-0004563220981106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.5.1631S"},{"key":"bibr26-0004563220981106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00933-18"}],"container-title":["Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0004563220981106","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0004563220981106","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0004563220981106","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:24:19Z","timestamp":1777379059000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0004563220981106"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,26]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0004563220981106"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0004563220981106","relation":{},"ISSN":["0004-5632","1758-1001"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0004-5632","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1001","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,26]]}}}