{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T06:38:07Z","timestamp":1777444687770,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004665","name":"Association for Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Scientific Scholarship 2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Scientific Scholarship 2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann Clin Biochem"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Currently, there are no national guidelines for antenatal drug testing. At Colchester Hospital, we use a strategy of screen-only using point-of-care testing to detect illicit drug use in pregnancy. To determine the suitability of this approach, we have compared the results of urine analysis by point-of-care testing with another NHS specialist clinical toxicology service that uses confirmation mass spectrometry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 482 anonymized random urine specimens from antenatal clinics were tested for six drug classes: amphetamine, benzodiazepines, buprenorphine, cocaine, methadone and opiates using the Alere\u2122 Drug Screen Urine Test Cup. The manufacturer\u2019s claims for positive cut-off and result stability were verified using spiked blank urine. Confirmatory testing was performed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS\/MS) for detection of 26 individual drugs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 473 urine samples with adequate volume for point-of-care screening, 4.4% tested positive: 19 opiate and 2 cocaine. Concordance between point-of-care screening and UPLC-MS\/MS confirmation was 97.9% for all drugs and 78.9% for opiates. Using spiked urine, only positive results for opiates were stable when read up to the manufacturer\u2019s recommended time of 60\u2009min.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The key advantages of using point-of-care devices to detect drug use in pregnancy are that is convenient and cheap. However, the clinical utility of point-of-care testing is limited by its poor sensitivity. Best practice is to confirm results using a more specific and sensitive method. As a result of this study, we are now reviewing our own procedures to consider introducing routine confirmation by mass spectrometry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0004563221990699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]],"date-time":"2021-01-14T21:01:45Z","timestamp":1610658105000},"page":"166-173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Are point-of-care urine drug testing devices suitable for antenatal drug screening? A study verifying the Alere\u00ae Drug Screen Test Cup for the detection of six classes of drug in a pregnant population"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9408-1208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel C","family":"Dale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Blood Sciences Department, North East Essex and Suffolk Pathology Services, Colchester, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Loretta T","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West Midlands Toxicology Laboratory, Birmingham City Hospital, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Street","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blood Sciences Department, North East Essex and Suffolk Pathology Services, Colchester, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0004563221990699","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2010.02.026"},{"key":"bibr2-0004563221990699","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20110922-22"},{"key":"bibr3-0004563221990699","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5858\/134.5.735"},{"key":"bibr4-0004563221990699","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2010.509277"},{"key":"bibr5-0004563221990699","unstructured":"Swiss Guidelines Committee for Drugs of Abuse Testing. Guidelines for Drugs of Abuse Testing, November 2012."},{"key":"bibr6-0004563221990699","volume-title":"Drug screen test cup (urine) package insert","author":"Alere.","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr7-0004563221990699","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0004563216628892"},{"key":"bibr8-0004563221990699","unstructured":"Scientific working group for forensic toxicology (SWGTOX) standard practices for method validation in forensic toxicology. SWGTOX Doc 003, Revision 1, www.nyc.gov\/html\/ocme\/downloads\/pdf (2013, accessed 5 January 2015)."},{"key":"bibr9-0004563221990699","unstructured":"European Workplace Drug Testing Society. European guidelines for legally defensible workplace drug testing (urine drug testing), v1.0, www.ewdts.org\/data\/uploads\/documents\/wedtsguidelines.pdf (2002, accessed 5 January 2015)."},{"key":"bibr10-0004563221990699","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/24.3.223"},{"key":"bibr11-0004563221990699","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Antenatal care for uncomplicated pregnancies (NICE Clinical Guideline no. 62), www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/cg62 (2008, accessed 19 January 2021)."},{"key":"bibr12-0004563221990699","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2015.08.013"}],"container-title":["Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0004563221990699","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0004563221990699","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0004563221990699","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:24:35Z","timestamp":1777379075000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0004563221990699"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0004563221990699"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0004563221990699","relation":{},"ISSN":["0004-5632","1758-1001"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0004-5632","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1001","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]}}}