{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T14:26:27Z","timestamp":1793975187890,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann Clin Biochem"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Total protein (TP) is a key indicator to differentiate between pleural effusion (PE) and ascites as exudate or transudate. Rapid quantification of TP can provide more accurate clinical treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study developed a smartphone-based colorimetric method for the rapid quantification of TP in PE and ascites by measuring the RGB values of reaction products and establishing a correlation between these values and TP concentration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The smartphone colorimetric system was validated according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines, assessing precision, accuracy, detection limit, linearity, and clinical reportable range. To evaluate clinical applicability, we compared results from 43 clinical samples (12 ascites and 31 PE specimens) obtained using the smartphone system with those from an automated biochemical analyzer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The G value showed the strongest correlation with TP concentration and was used to generate the standard curve. Validation studies confirmed that the smartphone system\u2019s precision and accuracy met clinical requirements, with analytical performance parameters including a limit of blank (3.36\u00a0g\/L), limit of detection (8.94\u00a0g\/L), and limit of quantification (13.09\u00a0g\/L). The method demonstrated good linearity (15.8\u201393.7\u00a0g\/L) and a wide clinical reportable range (13.09\u2013374.8\u00a0g\/L). Deming regression showed excellent agreement with no significant bias. The smartphone-based method and biochemical analyzer achieved near-perfect concordance in differentiating exudative and transudative fluids (PE \u03ba = 0.92, ascites \u03ba = 1.00).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The smartphone-based colorimetric system provides a clinically viable solution for the rapid and quantitative measurement of TP in PE and ascites.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00045632261454287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T02:24:27Z","timestamp":1778639067000},"page":"497-509","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Performance validation and clinical utility of a smartphone-based colorimetric system for differentiating exudative and transudative pleural effusions and ascites via total protein quantification"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Dandan","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonghua","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufei","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziqi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6007-8037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zehua","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","first-page":"545","article-title":"Pleural anatomy and fluid analysis, principles and practice of interventional","author":"Lee YCG","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee YCG. Pleural anatomy and fluid analysis, principles and practice of interventional. Pulmonology 2013: 545\u2013555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4614-4292-9_53","journal-title":"Pulmonology"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.12125"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2020.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/labmed\/lmy056"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cccn.2004.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.14768"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.5552"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5005\/ijcdas-55-1-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd-24-345"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aao4862"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1338408"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2025.137495"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2023.125283"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2024.116982"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2024.02.002"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_6_17_2","first-page":"5","article-title":"A review on color image processing","volume":"3","author":"Kulkarni AA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kulkarni AA, Kurundkar RD, Khare SV, et al. A review on color image processing. Int J Comput Sci Mobile Appl 2015; 3(11): 5\u201310.","journal-title":"Int J Comput Sci Mobile Appl"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2024.112527"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JTEHM.2017.2765631"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2020.1699063"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2AN01571D"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_22_2","volume-title":"Evaluation of precision performance of quantitative measurement methods; approved guideline","author":"Tholen DW","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tholen DW, Kallner A, Kennedy JW, et al. Evaluation of precision performance of quantitative measurement methods; approved guideline. 2nd ed. CLSI document EP5-A2, 2004;24(25).","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_23_2","volume-title":"Method comparison and bias estimation using patient samples; approved guideline","author":"Krouwer JS","year":"2004","unstructured":"Krouwer JS, Tholen DW, Garber CC, et al. Method comparison and bias estimation using patient samples; approved guideline. 2nd ed. CLSI document EP9-A2, 2004;22(19).","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_24_2","unstructured":"Tholen DW Linnet K Kondratovich M et al. Protocols for determination of limits of detection and limits of quantitation; approved guideline. 1st ed. CLSI document EP17-A. CLSI; 2004; 24(34)."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_25_2","unstructured":"Tholen DW Kroll M Astles JR et al. Evaluation of the linearity of quantitative measurement procedures: a statistical approach; approved guideline.1st ed. CLSI document EP6-A. CLSI; 2003; 23(16)."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemolab.2024.105091"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11373-005-9014-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2022-219784"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2020.020701"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2010.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.117259"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2025.115824"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_6_33_2","first-page":"1302","article-title":"Rapid and quantitative detection of bacteria by smartphone-based colorimetric analysis system","volume":"51","author":"Wang C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang C, Deng R, Niu X, et al. Rapid and quantitative detection of bacteria by smartphone-based colorimetric analysis system. Chin J Anal Chem 2023; 51(8): 1302\u20131312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19756\/j.issn.0253-3820.221516","journal-title":"Chin J Anal Chem"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e35596"}],"container-title":["Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00045632261454287","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00045632261454287","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00045632261454287","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T13:49:34Z","timestamp":1793972974000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00045632261454287"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00045632261454287"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00045632261454287","relation":{},"ISSN":["0004-5632","1758-1001"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0004-5632","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1001","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]}}}