{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T22:58:13Z","timestamp":1790377093900,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,7]],"date-time":"2014-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1394150400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aust N Z J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review aims to address concerns about the potential overinclusiveness and vagueness of bipolar spectrum concepts, and also, concerns about the overlap between bipolar illness and borderline personality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Narrative review based on historical and empirical studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) came to be separate entities with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition (DSM III), in contrast to the Kraepelinian manic-depressive insanity (MDI) concept, which included both. The bipolar spectrum concept is a return to this earlier Kraepelinian perspective. Further, very different features differentiate the disease of bipolar illness (family history of bipolar illness, severe recurrent mood episodes with psychomotor activation) from the clinical picture of borderline personality (dissociative symptoms, sexual trauma, parasuicidal self-harm). The term \u2018disorder\u2019 obfuscates an ontological difference between diseases, such as manic-depressive illness, and clinical pictures, such as hysteria\/post-traumatic stress disorder\/dissociation\/borderline personality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bipolar spectrum concepts are historically rooted in Kraepelin\u2019s manic-depressive illness concept, are scientifically testable, and can be clearly formulated. Further, they differ in kind from traumatic\/dissociative conditions in ways that can be both historically and scientifically established.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867413504830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,7]],"date-time":"2014-03-07T22:56:22Z","timestamp":1394232982000},"page":"314-324","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["The bipolar spectrum: Conceptions and misconceptions"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"S Nassir","family":"Ghaemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mood Disorders Program, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Dalley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mood Disorders Program, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0004867413504830","first-page":"271","volume-title":"Psychiatry Update: The American Psychiatric Association Annual Review, Volume II","author":"Akiskal HS","year":"1983"},{"key":"bibr2-0004867413504830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2004.00461.x"},{"key":"bibr3-0004867413504830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2004.12.003"},{"key":"bibr4-0004867413504830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70093-9"},{"key":"bibr5-0004867413504830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2004.12.001"},{"key":"bibr6-0004867413504830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.05.015"},{"key":"bibr7-0004867413504830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(98)00152-9"},{"key":"bibr8-0004867413504830","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1980","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr9-0004867413504830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-88741-3_1"},{"key":"bibr10-0004867413504830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(98)00142-6"},{"key":"bibr11-0004867413504830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.106.030957"},{"key":"bibr12-0004867413504830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.87"},{"key":"bibr13-0004867413504830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-011-0228-0"},{"key":"bibr14-0004867413504830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867411435289"},{"key":"bibr15-0004867413504830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004060070014"},{"key":"bibr16-0004867413504830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1819.2001.00919.x"},{"key":"bibr17-0004867413504830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1819.2002.01051.x"},{"key":"bibr18-0004867413504830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2004.11.010"},{"key":"bibr19-0004867413504830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2005.06.010"},{"key":"bibr20-0004867413504830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000107427"},{"key":"bibr21-0004867413504830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(01)00444-X"},{"key":"bibr22-0004867413504830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00048679209072085"},{"key":"bibr23-0004867413504830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171000084X"},{"key":"bibr24-0004867413504830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2003.09.008"},{"key":"bibr25-0004867413504830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.11m06946"},{"key":"bibr26-0004867413504830","first-page":"43","volume":"170","author":"Clarke DE","year":"2013","journal-title":"The American Journal of"},{"key":"bibr27-0004867413504830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2010.00813.x"},{"key":"bibr28-0004867413504830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867412445528"},{"key":"bibr29-0004867413504830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09647040490510470"},{"key":"bibr30-0004867413504830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2003.10.015"},{"key":"bibr31-0004867413504830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2008.10.013"},{"key":"bibr32-0004867413504830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.1999.13.3.268"},{"key":"bibr33-0004867413504830","author":"Frances A","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatric Times"},{"key":"bibr34-0004867413504830","unstructured":"Frances A (2010) DSM in philosophyland: Curiouser and curiouser. 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