{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T22:03:00Z","timestamp":1777413780668,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,6]],"date-time":"2014-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1394064000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aust N Z J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study examined the extent to which childhood socio-economic status (SES) could account for differences in adult psychosocial outcomes between M\u0101ori and non-M\u0101ori individuals in a birth cohort of more than 1000 individuals studied to age 30.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were gathered on three measures of childhood SES (family SES, family living standards, family income) and adult psychosocial outcomes including mental health, substance use, criminal offending, and education\/welfare dependence outcomes, as part of a longitudinal study of a New Zealand birth cohort (the Christchurch Health and Development Study).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Those reporting M\u0101ori ethnicity had significantly ( p &lt; 0.0001) poorer scores on the three measures of childhood SES, with estimates of Cohen\u2019s d indicating a moderate effect size. M\u0101ori cohort members also had significantly ( p &lt; 0.05) greater rates of adverse psychosocial outcomes in adulthood. Controlling for childhood SES reduced the magnitude of the ethnic differences in psychosocial outcomes, but did not fully explain the differences between M\u0101ori and non-M\u0101ori. Adjustment for childhood SES had the strongest effect on education\/welfare dependence, but weaker effects on mental health, substance use, and criminal offending.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Improvements in SES among M\u0101ori in New Zealand may, to some extent, ameliorate the long standing disparities in psychosocial well-being between M\u0101ori and non-M\u0101ori. However, efforts to improve M\u0101ori well-being will require an approach that moves beyond a sole focus on rectifying socio-economic disadvantage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867414525839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,6]],"date-time":"2014-03-06T22:49:07Z","timestamp":1394146147000},"page":"672-680","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Childhood socio-economic status and ethnic disparities in psychosocial outcomes in New Zealand"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Dannette","family":"Marie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Otago, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David M","family":"Fergusson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph M","family":"Boden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0004867414525839","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.64.8.663"},{"key":"bibr2-0004867414525839","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05337.x"},{"key":"bibr3-0004867414525839","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.49.1.15"},{"key":"bibr4-0004867414525839","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr5-0004867414525839","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-6-104"},{"key":"bibr6-0004867414525839","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxp002"},{"key":"bibr7-0004867414525839","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13557850303555"},{"key":"bibr8-0004867414525839","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.040907"},{"key":"bibr9-0004867414525839","first-page":"1643","volume-title":"International Encyclopaedia of Education","author":"Bronfenbrenner U","year":"1994","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr10-0004867414525839","volume-title":"Ng\u0101 Tini Aho O Te Ao Hou. 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