{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T03:18:42Z","timestamp":1792207122559,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,22]],"date-time":"2014-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1400716800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aust N Z J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to map the prevalence and predictors of psychological outcomes in affected communities 3\u20134 years after the Black Saturday bushfires in the state of Victoria, Australia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Baseline assessment of a longitudinal cohort study in high-, medium-, and low-affected communities in Victoria. Participants included 1017 residents of high-, medium-, and low-affected fire communities. Participants were surveyed by means of a telephone and web-based interview between December 2011 and January 2013. The survey included measures of fire-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and general PTSD from other traumatic events, major depressive episode, alcohol use, and general psychological distress.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The majority of respondents in the high- (77.3%), medium- (81.3%), and low-affected (84.9%) communities reported no psychological distress on the K6 screening scale. More participants in the high-affected communities (15.6%) reported probable PTSD linked to the bushfires than medium- (7.2%) and low-affected (1.0%) communities (odds ratio (OR): 4.57, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.61\u20138.00, p = 0.000). Similar patterns were observed for depression (12.9%, 8.8%, 6.3%, respectively) (OR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.17\u20132.85, p = 0.008) and severe psychological distress (9.8%, 5.0%, 4.9%, respectively) (OR: 2.08, 95% CI: 1.23\u20133.55, p = 0.007). All communities reported elevated rates of heavy drinking (24.7%, 18.7%, 19.6%, respectively); however, these were higher in the high-affected communities (OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.01\u20131.89, p = 0.04). Severe psychological distress was predicted by fear for one\u2019s life in the bushfires, death of someone close to them in the bushfires, and subsequent stressors. One-third of those with severe psychological distress did not receive mental health assistance in the previous month.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Several years following the Black Saturday bushfires the majority of affected people demonstrated resilience without indications of psychological distress. A significant minority of people in the high-affected communities reported persistent PTSD, depression, and psychological distress, indicating the need for promotion of the use of health and complementary services, community-based initiatives, and family and other informal supports, to target these persistent problems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867414534476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,23]],"date-time":"2014-05-23T00:42:39Z","timestamp":1400805759000},"page":"634-643","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":178,"title":["Psychological outcomes following the Victorian Black Saturday bushfires"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Richard A","family":"Bryant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"Emergency Services, Australian Red Cross, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Waters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jack Brockhoff Child Health and Wellbeing Program, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Gibbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jack Brockhoff Child Health and Wellbeing Program, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H Colin","family":"Gallagher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippa","family":"Pattison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dean","family":"Lusher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swinburne Business School, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin","family":"MacDougall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southgate Institute for Health, Society and Equity, Flinders University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Harms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Work, Department of Health (Victoria), Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Block","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jack Brockhoff Child Health and Wellbeing Program, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elyse","family":"Snowdon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jack Brockhoff Child Health and Wellbeing Program, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikki","family":"Sinnott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southgate Institute for Health, Society and Equity, Flinders University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greg","family":"Ireton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Human Services Emergency Management, Department of Human Services (Victoria), Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Services, Australian Red Cross, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Forbes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2009.02.013"},{"key":"bibr2-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.06091491"},{"key":"bibr3-0004867414534476","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2008) Rural, regional and remote health: Indicators of health status and determinants of health. Rural Health Series No. 9. Available at: www.aihw.gov.au\/WorkArea\/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=6442459831 (accessed 22 April 2014)."},{"key":"bibr4-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00048678409158797"},{"key":"bibr5-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.76.2.272"},{"key":"bibr6-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.59.1.20"},{"key":"bibr7-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2004.05.001"},{"key":"bibr8-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2005.05.035"},{"key":"bibr9-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.4.529"},{"key":"bibr10-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291710000206"},{"key":"bibr11-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.2490090206"},{"key":"bibr12-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.1137"},{"key":"bibr13-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.158.16.1789"},{"key":"bibr14-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2004.tb06348.x"},{"key":"bibr15-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.1.21"},{"key":"bibr16-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2012.03.026"},{"key":"bibr17-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00048674.2010.513674"},{"key":"bibr18-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwg187"},{"key":"bibr19-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.30.4.467"},{"key":"bibr20-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-1036"},{"key":"bibr21-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5172\/rsj.351.19.4.318"},{"key":"bibr22-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260510365861"},{"key":"bibr23-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-586"},{"key":"bibr24-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.2.184"},{"key":"bibr25-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4002119"},{"key":"bibr26-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(93)90026-G"},{"key":"bibr27-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.74.2.420"},{"key":"bibr28-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x"},{"key":"bibr29-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2006.12.004"},{"key":"bibr30-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1614.1999.00611.x"},{"key":"bibr31-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00048674.2011.624083"},{"key":"bibr32-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198801000-00003"},{"key":"bibr33-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.054270"},{"key":"bibr34-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00789038"},{"key":"bibr35-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.66.2.323"},{"key":"bibr36-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(03)00243-5"},{"key":"bibr37-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/psyc.65.3.240.20169"},{"key":"bibr38-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/psyc.65.3.207.20173"},{"key":"bibr39-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007851413867"},{"key":"bibr40-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/00485713-20080201-06"},{"key":"bibr41-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.133.2.183"},{"key":"bibr42-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291705006306"},{"key":"bibr43-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X1200129X"},{"key":"bibr44-0004867414534476","first-page":"203","volume-title":"Neurobiological and Clinical Consequences of Stress: From Normal Adaptation to PTSD","author":"Post RM","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr45-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260507301226"},{"key":"bibr46-0004867414534476","volume-title":"Timeline Followback: User\u2019s Guide","author":"Sobell LC","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr47-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5055\/ajdm.2011.0059"},{"key":"bibr48-0004867414534476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1984.tb113102.x"},{"key":"bibr49-0004867414534476","unstructured":"Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission (2009) The 2009 Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission Final Report Summary. Available at: www.royalcommission.vic.gov.au\/Commission-Reports\/Final-Report\/Summary (accessed 22 April 2014)."}],"container-title":["Australian &amp; New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0004867414534476","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0004867414534476","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0004867414534476","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T10:55:36Z","timestamp":1777373736000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0004867414534476"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,22]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0004867414534476"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0004867414534476","relation":{},"ISSN":["0004-8674","1440-1614"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0004-8674","type":"print"},{"value":"1440-1614","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,22]]}}}