{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T15:27:51Z","timestamp":1785338871832,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,15]],"date-time":"2014-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1408060800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aust N Z J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the association between insomnia, obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), and comorbid insomnia-OSA and depression, while controlling for relevant lifestyle and health factors, among a large population-based sample of US adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examined a sample of 11,329 adults (\u226518 years) who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) during the years 2005\u20132008. Insomnia was classified via a combination of self-reported positive physician diagnosis and high-frequency \u2018trouble falling asleep\u2019, \u2018waking during the night\u2019, \u2018waking too early\u2019, and \u2018feeling unrested during the day\u2019. OSA was classified as a combination of a positive response to a physician-diagnosed condition, in addition to a high frequency of self-reported nocturnal \u2018snoring\u2019, \u2018snorting\/stopping breathing\u2019 and \u2018feeling overly sleepy during the day\u2019. Comorbid insomnia-OSA was further assessed by combining a positive response to either insomnia (all), or sleep apnoea (all), as classified above. Depressive symptomology was assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), with scores of &gt;9 used to indicate depression. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for sleep disorders and depression were attained from logistic regression modelling adjusted for sex, age, poverty level, smoking status and body mass index (BMI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Those who reported insomnia, OSA or comorbid insomnia-OSA symptoms reported higher rates of depression (33.6%, 22.2%, 27.1%, respectively), and consistently reported poorer physical health outcomes than those who did not report sleep disorders. After adjusting for sex, age, poverty level, smoking status and BMI (kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), insomnia (OR 6.57, 95% CI 3.89-11.11), OSA (OR 5.14, 95% CI 3.14\u20138.41) and comorbid insomnia-OSA (OR 6.67, 95% CI 4.44\u201310.00) were associated with an increased likelihood of reporting depression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Insomnia, OSA and comorbid insomnia-OSA are associated with significant depressive symptomology among this large population-based sample of adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867414546700","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,15]],"date-time":"2014-08-15T20:22:11Z","timestamp":1408134131000},"page":"156-170","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["The relationships between insomnia, sleep apnoea and depression: Findings from the American National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005\u20132008"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Amie C","family":"Hayley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia"},{"name":"Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lana J","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamalesh","family":"Venugopal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerard A","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, College of Arts, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Berk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia"},{"name":"Orygen Research Centre, Parkville, Australia"},{"name":"Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie A","family":"Pasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia"},{"name":"NorthWest Academic Centre, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0004867414546700","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.122.3.861"},{"key":"bibr2-0004867414546700","first-page":"S347","volume":"22","author":"Ancoli-Israel S","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"bibr3-0004867414546700","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.01.011"},{"key":"bibr4-0004867414546700","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-200"},{"key":"bibr5-0004867414546700","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Center for Health Statistics (2014). National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys; Response Rates and Population Totals. Available at: www.Cdc.Gov\/Nchs\/Tutorials\/Nhanes\/Surveydesign\/Weighting\/Task2.Htm (accessed 4th June 2014)."},{"key":"bibr6-0004867414546700","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control (2013) When and how to construct weights when combining survey cycles. 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