{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T21:56:49Z","timestamp":1777413409434,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,12]],"date-time":"2015-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1444608000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aust N Z J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We evaluated the psychiatric comorbidities in adults who were diagnosed with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental disorders, 5th edition attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder as a function of recalled symptom onset before and after the age of 7\u2009years and whether the childhood attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder symptoms were associated with psychiatric comorbidities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In all, 214 adults who were diagnosed with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental disorders, 5th edition attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and 174 non-attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder controls (aged 17\u201340\u2009years) received psychiatric interviews to confirm their previous and current attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder status and other psychiatric diagnoses. Demographics and risks of lifetime psychiatric disorders were compared among three groups: (1) attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, onset &lt;7\u2009years (early-onset); (2) attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, onset between 7 and 12\u2009years (late-onset) and (3) non-attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder controls. We also tested the effects of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder symptoms on the risk of later psychiatric comorbidities by Cox regression analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Regardless of the age of onset, attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder was significantly associated with a wide range of psychiatric comorbidities. There were similar comorbid patterns between early- and late-onset attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Regardless of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder diagnosis, increased severity of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder symptoms was associated with higher risks of oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, dysthymia and sleep disorder but not major depression, which was associated with the attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings suggest that elevating the threshold of age of onset to 12\u2009years in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental disorders, 5th edition would not over-diagnose attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in the adult population. Recalled childhood attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder symptom severity was correlated with conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, dysthymia and sleep disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867415609423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,13]],"date-time":"2015-10-13T14:54:23Z","timestamp":1444748063000},"page":"548-556","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Psychiatric comorbidities of adults with early- and late-onset attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Yu-Ju","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, 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