{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T10:57:12Z","timestamp":1780484232984,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,11]],"date-time":"2017-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505088000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1121538"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1121538"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aust N Z J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examined two hypotheses regarding the potential association of pornography use with body image\u2013related and eating disorder\u2013related psychopathology among sexual minority males (i.e. non-heterosexual males). Our primary hypothesis was that pornography use would be associated with males\u2019 body dissatisfaction, eating disorder symptoms, thoughts about using anabolic steroids and quality of life impairment; our secondary hypothesis was that the type of pornography, namely, professional versus amateur pornography, which contains idealised and non-idealised (i.e. regular) bodies, respectively, would moderate these associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A sample of 2733 sexual minority males living in Australia and New Zealand completed an online survey that contained measures of pornography use, body dissatisfaction, eating disorder symptoms, thoughts about using anabolic steroids and quality of life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Almost all (98.2%) participants reported pornography use with a median use of 5.33 hours per month. Multivariate analyses revealed that increased pornography use was associated with greater dissatisfaction with muscularity, body fat and height; greater eating disorder symptoms; more frequent thoughts about using anabolic steroids; and lower quality of life. Effect sizes for these associations were uniformly small. Neither relationship status nor genital dissatisfaction was associated with pornography use. The association between pornography use and thoughts about using anabolic steroids was stronger for viewers of professional pornography than viewers of amateur pornography.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings suggest that the use of pornography is weakly associated with body dissatisfaction and related variables and that the type of pornography (amateur vs professional) viewed may be a moderating factor in some cases. Within the limits of a cross-sectional study design, these findings may have implications for clinicians who treat individuals with eating disorders, body dysmorphic disorder, anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence and related concerns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867417728807","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,11]],"date-time":"2017-09-11T11:17:26Z","timestamp":1505128646000},"page":"339-348","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Pornography use in sexual minority males: Associations with body dissatisfaction, eating disorder symptoms, thoughts about using anabolic steroids and quality of life"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Scott","family":"Griffiths","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Mitchison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart B","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan M","family":"Mond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Rural Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Health Research, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","article-title":"Australian Standard Classification of Cultural and Ethnic Groups","author":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","year":"2016","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (2016) Australian Standard Classification of Cultural and Ethnic Groups. Federal Government of Australia: Belconnen, Canberra.","journal-title":"Federal Government of Australia"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-2768"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303566"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2008.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22403"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0743558407306348"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00918369.2014.865452"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024835"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0011000015606222"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(199412)16:4<363::AID-EAT2260160405>3.0.CO;2-#"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152744"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-014-0711-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-6405.12538"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peh.2016.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2017.01.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-007-9212-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2012.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","unstructured":"Hayes AF (2012) PROCESS: A versatile computational tool for observed mediation moderation and conditional process modelling (White paper). Available at: www.afhayes.com\/public\/process2012.pdf (accessed 2012)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2010.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure","volume":"6","author":"Holm S","year":"1979","unstructured":"Holm S (1979) A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics 6: 65\u201370.","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Statistics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","volume-title":"Australian Needle and Syringe Program Survey 20 Year National Data Report 1995\u20132014","author":"Iversen J","year":"2015","unstructured":"Iversen J, Maher L (2015) Australian Needle and Syringe Program Survey 20 Year National Data Report 1995\u20132014. Kensington, NSW, Australia: Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00918369.2015.1083782"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2016.1143526"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00224490903151374"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","volume-title":"The Porn Report","author":"McKee A","year":"2008","unstructured":"McKee A, Albury K, Lumby C (2008) The Porn Report. Melbourne, VIC, Australia: Melbourne University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","first-page":"237","volume-title":"Social Comparison: Contemporary Theory and Research","author":"Major B","year":"1991","unstructured":"Major B, Testa M, Blysma WH (1991) Responses to upward and downward social comparisons: The impact of esteem-relevance and perceived control. In: Suls J, Wills TA (eds) Social Comparison: Contemporary Theory and Research. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., pp. 237\u2013259."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167206297403"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","first-page":"175","article-title":"Does exposure to muscularity-idealizing images have self-objectification consequences for heterosexual and sexual minority men?","volume":"13","author":"Michaels MS","year":"2012","unstructured":"Michaels MS, Parent MC, Moradi B (2012) Does exposure to muscularity-idealizing images have self-objectification consequences for heterosexual and sexual minority men? Psychology of Men and Masculinity 13: 175.","journal-title":"Psychology of Men and Masculinity"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22097"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.115.168427"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2015.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2013.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2011.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.03.071"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1524-9220.6.3.209"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2010.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/osp4.26"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2010.0477"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19317611.2014.927048"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10312-000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0361684311420250"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2015.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S97404"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2011.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035774"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2011.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_1","first-page":"714","article-title":"Do universal media literacy programs have an effect on weight and shape concern by influencing media internalization?","volume":"23","author":"Wade TD","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wade TD, Wilksch SM, Paxton SJ, et al. (2017) Do universal media literacy programs have an effect on weight and shape concern by influencing media internalization? International Journal of Eating Disorders 23: 714.","journal-title":"International Journal of Eating Disorders"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-0153(03)00014-X"}],"container-title":["Australian &amp; New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0004867417728807","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0004867417728807","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0004867417728807","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T10:55:43Z","timestamp":1777373743000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0004867417728807"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,11]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0004867417728807"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0004867417728807","relation":{},"ISSN":["0004-8674","1440-1614"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0004-8674","type":"print"},{"value":"1440-1614","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,11]]}}}