{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T22:02:14Z","timestamp":1777413734076,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611187200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aust N Z J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The relationship between psychosis and contact with the criminal justice system for Indigenous people living in rural and remote areas is not well understood. In this study, the authors examine patterns of incarceration among Indigenous people living with psychosis in Cape York and the Torres Strait over two decades.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were collated from a clinical database of complete psychiatric records from 1992 to 2015, extracted for all Indigenous patients with a psychotic disorder from the Remote Area Mental Health Service, and linked to the Queensland Corrections Service database. Descriptive statistics were calculated to compare characteristics between those incarcerated and those not incarcerated during the study period and to quantify patterns of incarceration including types of offences, time spent in custody and frequency of incarceration. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to assess associations between reported variables and \u2018first incarceration\u2019.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty-five percent of Aboriginal patients ( n\u2009=\u2009116) were incarcerated compared with 31% of Torres Strait Islanders ( n\u2009=\u200941) ( p\u2009=\u20090.008), and the proportion of males incarcerated (51%, n\u2009=\u2009141) was approximately twice that of females (24%, n\u2009=\u200935; p\u2009=\u20090.001). A cluster of first incarcerations were observed in close time proximity to diagnosis of psychosis. Individuals who had a history of both alcohol and cannabis use had approximately two times higher risk of being incarcerated following positive diagnosis compared to those without a history of substance use (hazard ratio\u2009=\u20091.85; 95% confidence interval: [1.08, 3.17]; p\u2009=\u20090.028). Males accounted for approximately 85% ( n\u2009=\u2009328) of sentences. The most common most serious offence was causing physical harm to others (assault \u2013 n\u2009=\u2009122, 31%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study found that for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people with a psychotic disorder in North Queensland, criminal justice responses with resultant incarceration occurs frequently. Access to appropriate mental health services and diversion options for Indigenous Australians with psychosis should be a key public health and justice priority.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867420985247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T00:15:12Z","timestamp":1611274512000},"page":"678-686","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Incarceration among adults living with psychosis in Indigenous populations in Cape York and the Torres Strait"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2876-5040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fiona","family":"Charlson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Archerfield, QLD, Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Global Health, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Gynther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Archerfield, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Obrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ed","family":"Heffernan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Archerfield, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5702-372X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesse T","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia"},{"name":"National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ernest","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Cairns Institute, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0004867420985247","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (2011) Australian and New Zealand Standard Offence Classification (ANZSOC). 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Available at: www.abs.gov.au\/ausstats\/abs@.nsf\/mf\/4517.0 (accessed 3 January 2021)."},{"key":"bibr5-0004867420985247","volume-title":"Closing the GAP: Prime Minister\u2019s Report","author":"Australian Government","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr6-0004867420985247","unstructured":"Australian Human Rights Commission (2015) Close the Gap \u2013 Progress and priorities report 2015. Available at: https:\/\/humanrights.gov.au\/our-work\/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-social-justice\/publications\/close-gap-progress-and-0 (accessed 22 December 2020)."},{"key":"bibr7-0004867420985247","unstructured":"Australian Medical Association (2015) 2015 AMA report card on Indigenous health \u2013 Closing the gap on Indigenous imprisonment rates. Available at: https:\/\/ama.com.au\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/2015%20Report%20Card%20on%20Indigenous%20Health_0.pdf (accessed 22 December 2020)."},{"key":"bibr8-0004867420985247","unstructured":"Baldry E, Mccausland R, Dowse L, et al. (2015) A predictable and preventable path: Aboriginal people with mental and cognitive disabilities in the criminal just. Available at: http:\/\/unsworks.unsw.edu.au\/fapi\/datastream\/unsworks:37093\/binb10f2bda-8816-4112-aeeb-6cd6d8efe6f7?view=true (accessed 22 December 2020)."},{"key":"bibr9-0004867420985247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxx015"},{"key":"bibr10-0004867420985247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00048670701261210"},{"key":"bibr11-0004867420985247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/j.1440-1614.2006.01785.x"},{"key":"bibr12-0004867420985247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-3362.2010.00216.x"},{"key":"bibr13-0004867420985247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1039856219891525"},{"key":"bibr14-0004867420985247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.04.009"},{"key":"bibr15-0004867420985247","volume-title":"Inside Out \u2013 The Mental Health of ABORIGINAL and Torres Strait Islander People in Custody","author":"Heffernan E","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr16-0004867420985247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja11.11352"},{"key":"bibr17-0004867420985247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja11.10118"},{"key":"bibr18-0004867420985247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30428-6"},{"key":"bibr19-0004867420985247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2013.07.012"},{"key":"bibr20-0004867420985247","unstructured":"National Mental Health Commission (2013) A contributing life, the 2013 National Report Card on Mental Health and Suicide Prevention. 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