{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:39:25Z","timestamp":1787315965377,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,26]],"date-time":"2021-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624665600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aust N Z J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Co-occurring population-level events, such as social unrest and coronavirus disease 2019, are observed in many societies today. Few studies have explored their combined mental health effects on young people. While self-focused rumination has been suggested to be a key mechanism underlying depression, the role of event-based rumination in mediating the impact of population stressors has yet to be elucidated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were collected from 6988 young people in a large-scale community online survey in Hong Kong. The survey assessed symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression, direct exposure to social unrest-related traumatic events, coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic-related events, personal stressful life events, event-based rumination and other individual risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High levels of comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder and depressive symptoms were observed. Logistic regression analysis revealed that probable post-traumatic stress disorder was associated with traumatic events (odds ratio\u2009=\u20091.73, 95% confidence interval\u2009=\u2009[1.64, 1.82]), pandemic-related events (odds ratio\u2009=\u20091.08, confidence interval\u2009=\u2009[1.01, 1.16]), stressful life events (odds ratio\u2009=\u20091.20, confidence interval\u2009=\u2009[1.21, 1.37]), high event-based rumination (odds ratio\u2009=\u20093.00, confidence interval\u2009=\u2009[2.58, 3.48]), lower resilience (odds ratio\u2009=\u20091.18, confidence interval\u2009=\u2009[1.15, 1.21]), higher smartphone reliance (odds ratio\u2009=\u20091.09, confidence interval\u2009=\u2009[1.05, 1.13]) and financial concerns (odds ratio\u2009=\u20091.25, confidence interval\u2009=\u2009[1.18, 1.33]). The odds for probable post-traumatic stress disorder was also significantly higher when two or more traumatic events were experienced (odds ratio\u2009=\u20094.03, confidence interval\u2009=\u2009[3.52, 4.62]). Factors associated with moderate-to-severe level depressive symptoms were similar. Event-based rumination significantly mediated between different types of external events (traumatic events, pandemic-related events, stressful life events) and both post-traumatic stress disorder and depressive symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that diverse types of stressful events during population-level crises could add to personal stressors to affect mental health outcomes in young people. Among other protective and risk factors, event-based rumination presented as a prominent transdiagnostic mediator for different symptom dimensions which may be a potentially important target for early risk detection and intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00048674211025710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,26]],"date-time":"2021-06-26T10:33:40Z","timestamp":1624703620000},"page":"376-384","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The impact of social unrest and pandemic on mental health of young people in Hong Kong: The transdiagnostic role of event-based rumination"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9535-9846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie MY","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christy LM","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2766-8476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi Nam","family":"Suen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corine SM","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2712-5826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sherry KW","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwin HM","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3581-8895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wing Chung","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong 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