{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T13:46:13Z","timestamp":1793108773468,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,16]],"date-time":"2021-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634342400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000155","name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["435-2012-397"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["435-2012-397"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aust N Z J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the utilisation and persistence of antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia in Australia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective study using the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme database of a representative 10% sample. All adults with schizophrenia who were dispensed three or more supplies of oral (including clozapine) or long-acting injectable antipsychotics between 1 June 2015 and 31 May 2020 were included. Persistence time in treatment was evaluated using survival analysis and Cox hazard ratios.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In all, 26,847 adults with schizophrenia were studied. Oral second-generation antipsychotics were more frequently dispensed than the other antipsychotic groups studied. Median treatment persistence times were 18.3\u2009months for second-generation antipsychotic long-acting injectables, 10.7\u2009months for oral second-generation antipsychotics and were significantly lower for both formulations of first-generation antipsychotics at 5.2\u2009months (long-acting injectables) and 3.7\u2009months (oral). The median persistence time for clozapine was significantly longer than all other antipsychotics groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Oral second-generation antipsychotics and second-generation antipsychotic long-acting injectables accounted for over 75% and 13% of all antipsychotics in Australia, respectively. Concerns over medication adherence and subsequent relapse have not translated into increased long-acting injectable usage despite their significantly longer persistence. Clozapine, the single most \u2018persistent\u2019 antipsychotic, was only used in 9% of people, although up to a third of all cases are likely to be treatment-resistant. Our data suggest clinicians should give consideration to the earlier use of second-generation antipsychotic long-acting injectables and clozapine, to ameliorate prognosis in schizophrenia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00048674211051618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,16]],"date-time":"2021-10-16T07:32:41Z","timestamp":1634369561000},"page":"1155-1163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Antipsychotic utilisation and persistence in Australia: A nationwide 5-year study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1159-6810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Taylor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"},{"name":"Toowong Specialist Clinic, Toowong, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7466-880X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dante","family":"Dangelo-Kemp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Labcorp Drug Development, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Mental Health Service, Salisbury, SA, Australia"},{"name":"The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4021-2924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steve","family":"Kisely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lundbeck Australia, North Ryde, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jodie","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lundbeck Australia, North Ryde, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Colman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Labcorp Drug Development, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00048674211051618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2010.499125"},{"key":"bibr2-00048674211051618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12742"},{"key":"bibr3-00048674211051618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2010.0575"},{"key":"bibr4-00048674211051618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20516"},{"key":"bibr5-00048674211051618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867416641195"},{"key":"bibr6-00048674211051618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2011.05.022"},{"key":"bibr7-00048674211051618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1359786810385490"},{"key":"bibr8-00048674211051618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/j.1440-1614.2000.00728.x"},{"key":"bibr9-00048674211051618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60486-9"},{"key":"bibr10-00048674211051618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.67"},{"key":"bibr11-00048674211051618","volume":"80","author":"Kane JM","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr12-00048674211051618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00048674211025716"},{"key":"bibr13-00048674211051618","volume":"3","author":"Kisely SR","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"bibr14-00048674211051618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1039856212437257"},{"key":"bibr15-00048674211051618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60733-3"},{"key":"bibr16-00048674211051618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30310-2"},{"key":"bibr17-00048674211051618","first-page":"1978","volume":"311","author":"McEvoy JP","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr18-00048674211051618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0577-3"},{"key":"bibr19-00048674211051618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1039856218758562"},{"key":"bibr20-00048674211051618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20071120"},{"key":"bibr21-00048674211051618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2014.01.014"},{"key":"bibr22-00048674211051618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.195.52.s1"},{"key":"bibr23-00048674211051618","unstructured":"Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (2013) Management of schizophrenia: A national clinical guideline. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk\/media\/1069\/sign131.pdf (accessed 29 December 2020)."},{"key":"bibr24-00048674211051618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006986"},{"key":"bibr25-00048674211051618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.0270"},{"key":"bibr26-00048674211051618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2020.1854853"},{"key":"bibr27-00048674211051618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/appy.12393"},{"key":"bibr28-00048674211051618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2045125319870033"},{"key":"bibr29-00048674211051618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867412470010"},{"key":"bibr30-00048674211051618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.10081224"},{"key":"bibr31-00048674211051618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.1322"},{"key":"bibr32-00048674211051618","volume":"95","author":"Waddell L","year":"2009","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr33-00048674211051618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-020-00713-9"},{"key":"bibr34-00048674211051618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881114562090"}],"container-title":["Australian &amp; New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00048674211051618","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00048674211051618","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00048674211051618","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T10:55:58Z","timestamp":1777373758000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00048674211051618"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,16]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00048674211051618"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00048674211051618","relation":{},"ISSN":["0004-8674","1440-1614"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0004-8674","type":"print"},{"value":"1440-1614","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,16]]}}}