{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T19:22:19Z","timestamp":1791487339036,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]],"date-time":"2021-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640649600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aust N Z J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine trends in prescribing psychotropic medications to children and adolescents in Australian primary care from 2011 to 2018.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective cohort study examined prescriptions written by general practitioners using MedicineInsight, a large Australian primary care database, covering approximately 9% of all general practitioner practices. Numbers of patients receiving prescriptions for five main classes of psychotropics (antipsychotics, antidepressants, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medications, anxiolytics, and hypnotics\/sedatives [including benzodiazepines and Z-drugs, but excluding melatonin]) were examined annually by age-group (0\u20134, 5\u20139, 10\u201314, 15\u201318\u2009years). Melatonin was analysed separately.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The number of patients prescribed any psychotropic increased from 25.6 to 36.2 per 1000 individuals from 2011 to 2018 (average annual increase +4.5%, 95% confidence interval [4.1%, 4.9%]; overall +41.4%). Among the five main classes, the largest annual increase was for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medications (+9.6%, 95% confidence interval [8.8%, 10.5%]; overall +95.8%), followed by antipsychotics (+6.2%, 95% confidence interval [5.0%, 7.3%]; overall +62.8%) and antidepressants (+4.5%, 95% confidence interval [4.0%, 5.0%]; overall +42.8%). Hypnotic\/sedative prescribing decreased on average 6.5% per year (95% confidence interval [\u20138.0%, \u20135.0%]; overall \u221240.2%). Anxiolytic prescribing remained steady. Melatonin prescriptions showed the highest increase of all (+24.7%, 95% confidence interval [23.7%, 25.8%]; overall +606.7%). The largest annual increase in antipsychotic, antidepressant or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medication prescribing occurred in 10- to 14-year-olds (+7.5%, +6.5% and +10.4%, respectively). The largest point prevalence occurred in 2018 among 15- to 18-year-olds, with 98.5 per 1000 prescribed antidepressants. Antidepressants were more frequently prescribed to females; antipsychotics, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medications and melatonin more often to males. The most prescribed antipsychotics were risperidone (&lt;15\u2009years) and quetiapine (15- to 18-year-olds). Fluoxetine was the most prescribed antidepressant in those aged 5+\u2009years and amitriptyline in 0- to 4-year-olds.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>General practitioner prescribing of melatonin, antipsychotics, antidepressants and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medications to under-19-year-olds increased markedly from 2011 to 2018. Although benzodiazepine and Z-drug prescriptions declined, this was offset by a substantial increase in melatonin prescribing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00048674211067720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]],"date-time":"2021-12-29T01:00:22Z","timestamp":1640739622000},"page":"1477-1490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Trends in prescription of psychotropic medications to children and adolescents in Australian primary care from 2011 to 2018"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9497-8752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Klau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical and Ethical Mental Health Research Group, Robinson Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla De Oliveira","family":"Bernardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of General Practice, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7153-2878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Alejandro","family":"Gonzalez-Chica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of General Practice, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8781-6031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa","family":"Raven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical and Ethical Mental Health Research Group, Robinson Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon","family":"Jureidini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical and Ethical Mental Health Research Group, Robinson Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00048674211067720","unstructured":"Australian ADHD Professionals Association (2021) ADHD Stimulant Prescribing Regulations & Authorities in Australia & New Zealand. 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