{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:44:20Z","timestamp":1790613860563,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615852800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009330","name":"medical science and technology foundation of guangdong province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A2019192"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A2019192"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009330","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019A1515012135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019A1515012135"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31700963"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31700963"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aust N Z J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Olfactory deficits have been reported in bipolar disorder, but this finding is controversial. This study investigated whether olfactory deficit can serve as a specific marker for bipolar disorder by comparing olfactory function in different mood episodes of bipolar disorder. We also compared olfactory function in bipolar disorder and other mental disorders \u2013 namely, major depressive disorder and schizophrenia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study consisted of two experiments. Experiment 1 enrolled 175 bipolar disorder patients (70 depressed subgroup, 70 manic subgroup and 35 euthymic subgroup) and 47 controls. Experiment 2 enrolled the participants from Experiment 1, along with 85 major depressive disorder and 90 schizophrenia patients. The Sniffin\u2019 Sticks test was used to evaluate odour identification ability and odour threshold (as a measure of odour sensitivity). The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Young Mania Rating Scale were used to assess depressive symptoms in all subjects and manic symptoms in bipolar disorder patients, respectively. We also used the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale to assess clinical symptoms in schizophrenia patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All three bipolar disorder patient subgroups (depressed, manic and euthymic subgroup) showed reduced odour identification ability compared to controls; however, only patients in the acute phase of a mood episode (depressed, and manic subgroup) showed impaired odour sensitivity. Clinical symptoms were negatively correlated with odour sensitivity but not odour identification ability. Bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder patients showed less odour identification and sensitivity impairment than schizophrenia patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Odour sensitivity is a potential dopaminergic marker for distinguishing between bipolar disorder patients in acute phase vs remission, while odour identification is a trait but a nonspecific marker of bipolar disorder.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867421998774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T01:10:11Z","timestamp":1615943411000},"page":"71-80","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Odour identification impairment is a trait but not a disease-specific marker for bipolar disorders: Comparisons of bipolar disorder with different episodes, major depressive disorder and schizophrenia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Shu-bin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Senses and Mental Health Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ze-tian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Senses and Mental Health Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-hong","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Senses and Mental Health Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-yuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Senses and Mental Health Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4948-036X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lai-quan","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Senses and Mental Health Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.6.1211"},{"key":"bibr2-0004867421998774","volume-title":"Neurodevelopmental disorders: DSM-5\u00ae selections","author":"American Psychological Association","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr3-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbt198"},{"key":"bibr4-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.16"},{"key":"bibr5-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.003"},{"key":"bibr6-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2019.08.004"},{"key":"bibr7-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyy016"},{"key":"bibr8-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180760"},{"key":"bibr9-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2011.12.005"},{"key":"bibr10-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720003918."},{"key":"bibr11-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2009.00760.x"},{"key":"bibr12-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.149.4.419"},{"key":"bibr13-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8227-8"},{"key":"bibr14-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.12.026"},{"key":"bibr15-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-010-0145-7"},{"key":"bibr16-0004867421998774","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Smell and Taste in Health and Disease","author":"Farbman AI","year":"1991"},{"key":"bibr17-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42534"},{"key":"bibr18-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56"},{"key":"bibr19-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2012.00986.x"},{"key":"bibr20-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/22.1.39"},{"key":"bibr21-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2018.03.011"},{"key":"bibr22-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12625"},{"key":"bibr23-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/13.2.261"},{"key":"bibr24-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10030189"},{"key":"bibr25-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-007-0070-2"},{"key":"bibr26-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.65.9.1017"},{"key":"bibr27-0004867421998774","first-page":"263","volume":"31","author":"Kr\u00fcger S","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience"},{"key":"bibr28-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852913000382"},{"key":"bibr29-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00626"},{"key":"bibr30-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2020.02.001"},{"key":"bibr31-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22866"},{"key":"bibr32-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.06.021"},{"key":"bibr33-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1614.2003.01301.x"},{"key":"bibr34-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796016000275"},{"key":"bibr35-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbt049"},{"key":"bibr36-0004867421998774","first-page":"23","volume":"64","author":"M\u00f6ller H-J","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr37-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.06.016"},{"key":"bibr38-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.05.012"},{"key":"bibr39-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2015.04.007"},{"key":"bibr40-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.02.026"},{"key":"bibr41-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-017-5147-7"},{"key":"bibr42-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00245-5"},{"key":"bibr43-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2009.03.030"},{"key":"bibr44-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00190"},{"key":"bibr45-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.133.5.429"},{"key":"bibr46-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-0687-y"},{"key":"bibr47-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2015.09.011"},{"key":"bibr48-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2018.01.014"},{"key":"bibr49-0004867421998774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2011.08.025"}],"container-title":["Australian &amp; New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0004867421998774","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0004867421998774","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0004867421998774","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T10:56:13Z","timestamp":1777373773000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0004867421998774"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0004867421998774"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0004867421998774","relation":{},"ISSN":["0004-8674","1440-1614"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0004-8674","type":"print"},{"value":"1440-1614","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]}}}