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No current consensus definition of a frequent presenter exists. Using a statewide population-based ambulance database, this study (i) applied previous statistical methods to determine thresholds for frequent presenters, (ii) explored characteristics of the identified frequent presenter groups compared to non-frequent presenters and (iii) assessed the reliability of these methods in predicting continued frequent presenter status over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Statistical methods utilised in previous studies to identify frequent presenters were applied to all ambulance attendances for mental health symptoms, self-harm and alcohol and other drug issues between 1 January 2017 and 31 December 2020 in Victoria, Australia. Differences in characteristics between identified frequent and non-frequent presenter groups were determined by logistic regression analysis. The consistency of agreement of frequent presenter status over time was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thresholds for frequent presenters ranged from a mean of 5 to 39 attendances per calendar year, with groups differing in size, service use and characteristics. Compared to non-frequent presenters, frequent presenters had greater odds of being female, presenting with self-harm, experiencing social disadvantage or housing issues, involving police co-attendance and being transported to hospital. All frequent presenter definitions had poor reliability in predicting ongoing frequent presentations over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A range of methods can define frequent presenters according to thresholds of yearly service use. Reasons for identifying frequent presenters may influence the method chosen. Future studies should explore definitions that capture the dynamic nature of presentations by this group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00048674241289016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,26]],"date-time":"2024-10-26T08:05:34Z","timestamp":1729929934000},"page":"74-85","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Exploring the reliability and profile of frequent mental health presentations using different methods: An observational study using statewide ambulance data over a 4-year period"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4176-1602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony","family":"Hew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5702-372X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesse T","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia"},{"name":"Justice Health Group, Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0192-809X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bosco","family":"Rowland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Turning Point, Eastern Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debbie","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Australia Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"GLOBE, School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziad","family":"Nehme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research and Evaluation, Ambulance Victoria, Blackburn North, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Paramedicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7667-8868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shalini","family":"Arunogiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Turning Point, Eastern Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6747-1937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan I","family":"Lubman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Turning Point, Eastern Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","unstructured":"AIHW (2005) Data Linkage Protocols Using a Statistical Linkage Key. 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