{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T17:46:34Z","timestamp":1791740794195,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006623","name":"Mental Health Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006623","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aust N Z J Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Australia is one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse nations globally, yet its mental health system has not kept pace with its demography, resulting in persistent gaps in integration, service planning and delivery, and equity outcomes. This perspective draws on\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">The State of Multicultural Mental Health in Australia<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a national report commissioned by Mental Health Australia\u2019s Embrace Multicultural Mental Health project, and funded by the Australian Government Department of Health, Disability and Ageing. The research combined secondary analyses of the 2020\u20132022 National Study of Mental Health and Wellbeing, a rapid review of Australian community-based interventions for culturally and linguistically diverse communities, and national stakeholder consultations with culturally and linguistically diverse communities and service providers. Interpretation of national epidemiological data is constrained by limitations, including the exclusion of people with limited English proficiency and the aggregation required for privacy, which obscures important heterogeneity. Within these constraints, apparent lower prevalence of anxiety and affective disorders among overseas-born Australians coexists with delayed and unequal access to care. These patterns may reflect structural barriers and gaps in system design rather than lower need. The rapid review and stakeholder consultations highlighted that culturally responsive, community-based and co-designed models represent good practice; however, they remain marginal and unevenly integrated into mainstream services. This article argues that multicultural mental health must be repositioned as core business across mental health systems and not as a specialist add-on. We make six recommendations for reform across service design, workforce, leadership, policy and data infrastructure, relevant to clinicians, service leaders and policymakers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00048674261493336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:30:31Z","timestamp":1791477031000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Are mental health services fit for purpose in modern multicultural Australia?"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1556-5760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shameran","family":"Slewa-Younan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Translational Health Research Institute, Faculty of Health, Western Sydney University, NSW, Australia"},{"name":"Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7164-2217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilse","family":"Blignault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Translational Health Research Institute, Faculty of Health, Western Sydney University, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1121-2829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ritesh","family":"Chimoriya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Translational Health Research Institute, Faculty of Health, Western Sydney University, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kingsley","family":"Agho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Translational Health Research Institute, Faculty of Health, Western Sydney University, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2240-0876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bingqin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Policy Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1424-4116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony F.","family":"Jorm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5742-9866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Salvador-Carulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasser","family":"Bagheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6844-0833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andre M.N.","family":"Renzaho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Translational Health Research Institute, Faculty of Health, Western Sydney University, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (2024) Australia\u2019s population by country of birth. Available at: https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/statistics\/people\/population\/australias-population-country-birth\/latest-release"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","volume-title":"Reporting on the Health of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Populations in Australia: An Exploratory Paper","author":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW)","year":"2022","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) (2022) Reporting on the Health of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Populations in Australia: An Exploratory Paper. AIHW."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","unstructured":"Australian Multicultural Health Collaborative (2021) Our cultures our languages our health foundation document. 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