{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:04:54Z","timestamp":1777507494127,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,6,1]],"date-time":"2002-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1022889600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Can J Occup Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The variations in return to work outcomes for ill or injured persons experiencing health leaves are complex. However, it is important to comprehend these variations in order to develop evidenced-based practice in work rehabilitation. Currently, a plethora of studies exist in the literature that have attempted to explain the variations in work outcomes. A 20-year review of the literature on work outcomes has revealed several limitations in using this knowledge in occupational therapy. The study of return to work outcomes is, for the most part, atheoretical and the knowledge base is fragmented and disorganized. In addition, the literature does not reflect a consistent understanding of the multidimensional nature of either work disability or the facilitators for return to work. In this paper, the Occupational Competence Model is presented as a framework for filling this gap. This model is used here to organize and synthesize the factors previously studied on work outcomes to foster an understanding of this literature from an occupational therapy perspective and the future study of work outcomes and work rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/000841740206900306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,27]],"date-time":"2013-03-27T18:09:56Z","timestamp":1364407796000},"page":"158-167","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["An Application of the Occupation Competence Model to Organizing Factors Associated with Return to Work"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Lynn","family":"Shaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helene","family":"Polatajko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"37","volume":"5","author":"Banks M.H.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Banks M.H. (1995). Psychological effects of prolonged unemployment: Relevance to models of work re-entry following injury. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 5, 37\u201353.","journal-title":"Psychological effects of prolonged unemployment: Relevance to models of work re-entry following injury"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"49","volume-title":"Factors influencing work-related disabilityPsychiatric disability: Clinical, legal an administrative dimensions","author":"Brodsky C.M.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Brodsky C.M. (1987). Factors influencing work-related disability. In Myerson A.T., Fine T. (Eds.), Psychiatric disability: Clinical, legal an administrative dimensions (pp. 49\u201365). Washington: American Psychiatric Association."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Occupational therapy guidelines for client-centred practice","author":"Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists","year":"1991","unstructured":"Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists. (1991). Occupational therapy guidelines for client-centred practice. Toronto, ON: CAOT Publications ACE."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Enabling occupation: An occupational therapy perspective","author":"Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists","year":"1997","unstructured":"Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists (1997). Enabling occupation: An occupational therapy perspective. Ottawa, ON: CAOT Publications ACE."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"2","volume-title":"Understanding Occupation: Definitions and ConceptsOccupational Therapy: Enabling function and well-being","author":"Christiansen C.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Christiansen C., Baum C. (1997). Understanding Occupation: Definitions and Concepts. In Christiansen C., Baum C., (eds.), Occupational Therapy: Enabling function and well-being (pp. 2\u201325). Thorofare, NJ: Slack."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"256","volume":"23","author":"Cornes P.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cornes P. (1992). Return to work of road accident victims claiming compensation for personal injury. Injury, 23, 256\u2013260.","journal-title":"Return to work of road accident victims claiming compensation for personal injury"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Crisp R. (1990). Return to work after spinal injury. Journal of Rehabilitation January\/February\/March 28\u201332."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"Crook J. (1994). A longitudinal epidemiological study of injured workers: Prognostic indicators of work disability. Unpublished doctoral disseratation University of Toronto Ontario."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"5","volume":"1","author":"Feuerstein M.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Feuerstein M. (1991). A multidisciplinary approach to the prevention, evaluation, and management of work disability. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 1, 5\u201312.","journal-title":"A multidisciplinary approach to the prevention, evaluation, and management of work disability"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"3","volume":"9","author":"Fishbain D.A.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Fishbain D.A., Rosomoff H.L., Goldberg M., Cutler R., Abdel-Moty E., Khalil T.M., Rosomoff R.S. (1993). The prediction of return to the workplace after multidisciplinary pain center treatment. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 9, 3\u201315.","journal-title":"The prediction of return to the workplace after multidisciplinary pain center treatment"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"629","volume":"17","author":"Lancourt J.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Lancourt J., Kettelhut M. (1992). Predicting return to work for lower backpain patients receiving worker's compensation. Spine, 17, 629\u2013640.","journal-title":"Predicting return to work for lower backpain patients receiving worker's compensation"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"9","volume":"63","author":"Law M.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Law M., Cooper B., Strong S., Stewart S., Rigby P., Letts L. (1996). The person-environment-occupation model: A transactive approach to occupational performance. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 63, 9\u201323.","journal-title":"The person-environment-occupation model: A transactive approach to occupational performance"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"1247","volume":"75","author":"LeFort S.M.","year":"1994","unstructured":"LeFort S.M., Hannah T.E. (1994). Return to work following an aquafitness and muscle strengthening program for the low back injured. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 75, 1247\u20131255.","journal-title":"Return to work following an aquafitness and muscle strengthening program for the low back injured"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"1103","volume":"18","author":"Lehmann T.R.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lehmann T.R., Spratt K.F., Lehmann K.K. (1993). Predicting long-term disability in low back injured workers presenting to a spine consultant. Spine, 18, 1103\u20131112.","journal-title":"Predicting long-term disability in low back injured workers presenting to a spine consultant"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"70","volume":"13","author":"Mudrick N.R.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Mudrick N.R. (1988). Predictors of disability among midlife men and women: Differences by severity of impairment. Journal of Community Health, 13, 70\u201384.","journal-title":"Predictors of disability among midlife men and women: Differences by severity of impairment"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"327","volume":"48","author":"Niemeyer L.O.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Niemeyer L.O., Jacobs K., Reynolds-Lynch K., Bettencourt C., Lang S. (1994). Work hardening: Past, present and future - The work programs special interest section national work hardening outcome study. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 48, 327\u2013339.","journal-title":"Work hardening: Past, present and future - The work programs special interest section national work hardening outcome study"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"189","volume":"59","author":"Polatajko H.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Polatajko H. (1992). Naming and framing occupational therapy: A lecture dedicated to the life of Nancy B. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 59, 189\u2013199.","journal-title":"Naming and framing occupational therapy: A lecture dedicated to the life of Nancy B"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","first-page":"956","volume":"14","author":"Polatin P.B.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Polatin P.B., Gatchel R.J., Barnes D., Mayer H., Arens C., Mayer T.G. (1989). A psychosociomedical prediction model of response to treatment by chronically disabled workers with low-back pain. Spine, 14, 956\u2013961.","journal-title":"A psychosociomedical prediction model of response to treatment by chronically disabled workers with low-back pain"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"1630","volume":"38","author":"Reisine S.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Reisine S., McQuillan J., Fifield J. (1995). Predictors of work disability in rheumatoid arthitis patients. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 38, 1630\u20131637.","journal-title":"Predictors of work disability in rheumatoid arthitis patients"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","first-page":"502","volume":"30","author":"Rossignol M.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Rossignol M., Suissa S., Abenhaim L. (1988). Working disability due to occupational back pain: Three-year follow-up of 2,300 compensated workers in Quebec. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 30, 502\u2013505.","journal-title":"Working disability due to occupational back pain: Three-year follow-up of 2,300 compensated workers in Quebec"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","first-page":"1673","volume":"259","author":"Smith G.R.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Smith G.R., O'Rourke D.F. (1988). Return to work after a first myocaridial Infarction a test of multiple hypotheses. Journal of the American Medical Association, 259, 1673\u20131677.","journal-title":"Return to work after a first myocaridial Infarction a test of multiple hypotheses"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","first-page":"907","volume":"249","author":"Stanton B.A.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Stanton B.A., Jenkins D., Denlinger P., Savageau J.A., Weintraub R.M., Goldstein R.L. (1983). Employment status after cardiac surgery. Journal of the American Medical Association, 249, 907\u2013911.","journal-title":"Employment status after cardiac surgery"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","first-page":"501","volume":"22","author":"Straaton K.V.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Straaton K.V., Maisiak R., Wrigley J.M., Fine P.R. (1994). Musculoskeletal disability, employment, and rehabilitation. Journal of Rheumatology, 22, 501\u2013513.","journal-title":"Musculoskeletal disability, employment, and rehabilitation"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","first-page":"103","volume":"9","author":"Turkulin K.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Turkulin K., Baborski C., Baborski F. (1988). Predictive markers of occupational activity in 415 post myocardial infarction patients after one-year follow-up. European Heart Journal, 9, 103\u2013108.","journal-title":"Predictive markers of occupational activity in 415 post myocardial infarction patients after one-year follow-up"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","first-page":"271","volume":"1","author":"Velozo C.A.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Velozo C.A., Lustman P.J., Cole D.M., Montag J.A., Eubanks B. (1991). Prediction of return to work by rehabilitation professionals. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 1, 271\u2013280.","journal-title":"Prediction of return to work by rehabilitation professionals"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","first-page":"203","volume":"47","author":"Velozo C.A.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Velozo C.A. (1993). Work evaluations: Critique of the state of the art of functional assessment of work. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 47, 203\u2013209.","journal-title":"Work evaluations: Critique of the state of the art of functional assessment of work"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"International Classification of Impairments Disabilities and Handicaps (ICIDH)","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1980","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1980). International Classification of Impairments Disabilities and Handicaps (ICIDH). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"ICIDH-2: International classification of functioning and disability","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1999","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1999). ICIDH-2: International classification of functioning and disability. Beta-2draft, short version. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","first-page":"62","volume":"5","author":"Wiklund I.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Wiklund I., Sanne H., Vedin A., Wilhelmsson C. (1985). Determinants of return to work one year after a first myocardial infarction. Journal of Cardiac Rehabilitation, 5, 62\u201372.","journal-title":"Determinants of return to work one year after a first myocardial infarction"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","first-page":"386","volume":"58","author":"Yelin E.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Yelin E., Nevitt M., Epstein W. (1980). Toward an epidemiology of work disability. Health and Society, 58, 386\u2013415.","journal-title":"Toward an epidemiology of work disability"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","first-page":"1322","volume":"29","author":"Yelin E.H.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Yelin E.H., Henke C.J., Epstein W.V. (1986). Work disability among persons with musculoskeletal condition. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 29, 1322\u20131333.","journal-title":"Work disability among persons with musculoskeletal condition"}],"container-title":["Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/000841740206900306","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/000841740206900306","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T15:29:09Z","timestamp":1777390149000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/000841740206900306"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,6]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/000841740206900306"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/000841740206900306","relation":{},"ISSN":["0008-4174","1911-9828"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0008-4174","type":"print"},{"value":"1911-9828","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,6]]}}}