{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:01:43Z","timestamp":1787018503656,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,1]],"date-time":"2004-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1075593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Can J Occup Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. Hemiplegic shoulder pain is common after stroke causing hemiplegia. It adversely affects the recovery of arm function and independence in activities of daily living. Subluxation, abnormal tone and limited range of motion or capsular constrictions have been reported as potential causes. Other factors such as rotator cuff tears, brachial plexus injury, shoulder-hand syndrome and other pre-existing pathological conditions may also be associated with hemiplegic shoulder pain. The etiology remains unclear, but hemiplegic shoulder pain may result from a combination of the above factors. Scope. This literature review examines the possible causes of hemiplegic shoulder pain and discusses the implications for occupational therapy treatment. Occupational therapy interventions include proper positioning, facilitation of movement through purposeful therapeutic activities, increasing passive range of motion, implementation of external supports and treatment of shoulder-hand syndrome. Practice Implications. Understanding the processes involved will assist with effective assessment, treatment and prevention of hemiplegic shoulder pain. This will facilitate clients' participation in rehabilitation programs and move them towards attainment of optimal function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/000841740407100108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,27]],"date-time":"2013-03-27T18:09:56Z","timestamp":1364407796000},"page":"36-46","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Hemiplegic Shoulder Pain: Implications for Occupational Therapy Treatment"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Paula E.","family":"Gilmore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandi J.","family":"Spaulding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony A.","family":"Vandervoort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-000841740407100108","first-page":"11","volume":"39","author":"Andersen L. T.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Shoulder pain in hemiplegia"},{"key":"bibr2-000841740407100108","first-page":"514","volume":"67","author":"Bohannon R. W.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Shoulder pain in hemiplegia: Statistical relationship with five variables"},{"key":"bibr3-000841740407100108","first-page":"507","volume":"44","author":"Bohannon R. W.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Shoulder subluxation and pain in stroke patients"},{"key":"bibr4-000841740407100108","first-page":"61","volume":"53","author":"Boyd E.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Shoulder supports with stroke patients: A Canadian survey"},{"key":"bibr5-000841740407100108","first-page":"161","volume":"66","author":"Boyd E. A.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Shoulder supports revisited: A Canadian follow-up survey"},{"key":"bibr6-000841740407100108","volume-title":"Shoulder pain","author":"Cailliet R.","year":"1991","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr7-000841740407100108","volume-title":"Occupational therapy guidelines for client-centred practice","author":"Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists","year":"1991"},{"key":"bibr8-000841740407100108","first-page":"355","volume":"29","author":"Carr E. K.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Positioning of the stroke patient: A review of the literature"},{"key":"bibr9-000841740407100108","first-page":"328","volume":"80","author":"Chantraine A.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Shoulder pain and dysfunction in hemiplegia: Effects of functional electrical stimulation"},{"key":"bibr10-000841740407100108","first-page":"17","volume":"13","author":"Chino N.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Electrophysiological investigation on shoulder subluxation in hemiplegics"},{"key":"bibr11-000841740407100108","first-page":"857","volume":"76","author":"Culham E. G.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Shoulder complex position and glenohumeral subluxation in hemiplegia"},{"key":"bibr12-000841740407100108","volume-title":"Elder care in occupational therapy","author":"Lewis S. Cutler","year":"1989"},{"key":"bibr13-000841740407100108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-57022-3"},{"key":"bibr14-000841740407100108","first-page":"353","volume":"58","author":"Davis S. W.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Shoulder-hand syndrome in a hemiplegic population: A 5-year retrospective study"},{"key":"bibr15-000841740407100108","first-page":"43","volume":"76","author":"Dekker J.H.M.","year":"1997","journal-title":"The painful hemiplegic shoulder: Effects of intraarticular triamcinolone acetonide"},{"key":"bibr16-000841740407100108","first-page":"73","volume":"75","author":"Faghri P.D.","year":"1994","journal-title":"The effects of functional electrical stimulation on shoulder subluxation, arm recovery, and shoulder pain in hemiplegic stroke patients"},{"key":"bibr17-000841740407100108","first-page":"1884","volume":"66","author":"Griffin J.W.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Hemiplegic shoulder pain"},{"key":"bibr18-000841740407100108","first-page":"706","volume":"65","author":"Hakuno A.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arthrographic findings in hemiplegic shoulders"},{"key":"bibr19-000841740407100108","first-page":"1036","volume":"73","author":"Hecht J.S.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Subscapular nerve block in the painful hemiplegic shoulder"},{"key":"bibr20-000841740407100108","first-page":"421","volume":"77","author":"Ikai T.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Evaluation and treatment of shoulder subluxation in hemiplegia: Relationship between subluxation and pain"},{"key":"bibr21-000841740407100108","first-page":"409","volume":"73","author":"Joynt R.L.","year":"1992","journal-title":"The source of shoulder pain in hemiplegia"},{"key":"bibr22-000841740407100108","first-page":"127","volume":"72","author":"Kingery W.S.","year":"1993","journal-title":"The absence of brachial plexus injury in stroke"},{"key":"bibr23-000841740407100108","first-page":"205","volume":"69","author":"Kumar R.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Shoulder pain in hemiplegia: The role of exercise"},{"key":"bibr24-000841740407100108","volume-title":"Introduction to human anatomy","author":"Martin A.","year":"1985"},{"key":"bibr25-000841740407100108","first-page":"656","volume":"35","author":"Meredith J.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of the hemiplegic patient with brachial plexus injury"},{"key":"bibr26-000841740407100108","first-page":"131","volume":"3","author":"Najenson T","year":"1971","journal-title":"Rotator cuff injury in shoulder joints of hemiplegic patients"},{"key":"bibr27-000841740407100108","unstructured":"Bierman S. Nasser, & Atchinson B. (2000). Cerebrovascular accident In Hansen R.A. & Atchison B. (Eds.), Conditions in occupational therapy: Effects on occupational performance (2nd ed.) (pp. 121\u2013146). Baltimore, Maryland: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins."},{"key":"bibr28-000841740407100108","first-page":"673","volume":"71","author":"de Courval L. Poulin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Painful shoulder in the hemiplegic and unilateral neglect"},{"key":"bibr29-000841740407100108","first-page":"254","volume":"65","author":"Rizk T.E.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arthrographic studies in painful hemiplegic shoulder"},{"key":"bibr30-000841740407100108","first-page":"35","volume":"2","author":"Roy C.W.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Shoulder pain in hemiplegia: A literature review"},{"key":"bibr31-000841740407100108","first-page":"334","volume":"8","author":"Roy C.W.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Shoulder pain in acutely admitted hemiplegics"},{"key":"bibr32-000841740407100108","first-page":"21","volume":"9","author":"Roy C.W.","year":"1995","journal-title":"The effects of shoulder pain on outcome of acute hemiplegia"},{"key":"bibr33-000841740407100108","first-page":"20","volume":"14","author":"Snels L A. K.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Treatment of hemiplegic shoulder pain in Netherlands: Results of a national survey"},{"key":"bibr34-000841740407100108","first-page":"169","volume":"66","author":"Spaulding S. J.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biomechanical analysis of four supports for the subluxed hemiparetic shoulder"},{"key":"bibr35-000841740407100108","first-page":"489","volume":"12","author":"Teasell R. W.","year":"1998","journal-title":"The painful hemiplegic shoulder"},{"key":"bibr36-000841740407100108","unstructured":"Trombly C. A. (1989). Stroke. In Trombly C. A. (Ed.), Occupational therapy for physical dysfunction (3rd ed.), (pp. 454\u2013471). Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins."},{"key":"bibr37-000841740407100108","first-page":"155","volume":"4","author":"Van Langenberghe H. V. K.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Shoulder pain in hemiplegia: A literature review"},{"key":"bibr38-000841740407100108","first-page":"23","volume":"67","author":"Van Ouwenaller C.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Painful shoulder in hemiplegia"},{"key":"bibr39-000841740407100108","first-page":"497","volume":"18","author":"Wanklyn P.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hemiplegic shoulder pain (HSP): Natural history and investigation of associated features"},{"key":"bibr40-000841740407100108","first-page":"32","volume":"85","author":"Wood C.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Shoulder pain in stroke patients"},{"key":"bibr41-000841740407100108","first-page":"763","volume":"76","author":"Zorowitz R.D.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Shoulder subluxation after stroke: A comparison of four supports"},{"key":"bibr42-000841740407100108","first-page":"194","volume":"50","author":"Zorowitz R.D.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Shoulder pain and subluxation after stroke: Correlation or coincidence?"}],"container-title":["Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"fr","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/000841740407100108","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/000841740407100108","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T15:29:26Z","timestamp":1777390166000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/000841740407100108"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/000841740407100108"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/000841740407100108","relation":{},"ISSN":["0008-4174","1911-9828"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0008-4174","type":"print"},{"value":"1911-9828","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]}}}