{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T01:44:12Z","timestamp":1792201452207,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,1]],"date-time":"2007-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1183248000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Pediatr (Phila)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Gynecomastia is defined as excessive development of the breast in boys. It is common in neonates and adolescents. Although in most cases this is a transient phenomenon, it might lead to significant social impediments such as decreased participation in physical education because of embarrassment. A primary care provider should be able to diagnose a false gynecomastia, a physiologic gynecomastia, and a gynecomastia with underlying pathology by taking good history, performing a thorough physical examination, and checking few screening laboratory tests. In most cases with physiologic gynecomastia, just reassurance and close follow-up is sufficient; however, psychologic counseling and surgical intervention may be required in few selected cases of physiologic gynecomastia. Suspected cases with underlying pathologic causes should be referred to a pediatric endocrinologist for further evaluation and management. Treatment of underlying causes should resolve the gynecomastia in those patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922806294800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,19]],"date-time":"2007-06-19T14:23:52Z","timestamp":1182263032000},"page":"487-490","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Gynecomastia: Evaluation and Treatment Recommendations for Primary Care Providers"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Nedim","family":"Cakan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepak","family":"Kamat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1980.03310020036024"},{"key":"atypb2","unstructured":"Braunstein GD Pubertal gynecomastia. In:  \t\t\t\t\tLifshitz F \t\t\t\t, ed. Pediatric Endocrinology, 3rd ed.  \t\t\t\t\tNew York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc \t\t\t\t; 1995:197-205."},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.56.7.525"},{"key":"atypb4","unstructured":"Reiter OE \t\t\t\t,  \t\t\t\t\tBraunstein GD Gynecomastia. In:  \t\t\t\t\tPescovitz OH \t\t\t\t,  \t\t\t\t\tEugster EA \t\t\t\t, eds. Pediatric Endocrinology: Mechanisms, Manifestations, and Management.  \t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins \t\t\t\t; 2004:349-359."},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21548331.1993.11442851"},{"key":"atypb6","unstructured":"Griffin JE \t\t\t\t,  \t\t\t\t\tWilson JD Disorders of the testes and the male reproductive tract. In:  \t\t\t\t\tLarsen PR \t\t\t\t,  \t\t\t\t\tKronenberg HM \t\t\t\t ,  \t\t\t\t\tMelmed S \t\t\t\t,  \t\t\t\t\tPolonsky KS \t\t\t\t, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, 10th ed.  \t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia, PA: Saunders \t\t\t\t; 2003:709-769."},{"key":"atypb7","first-page":"64","volume":"32","author":"Turkington RW","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"atypb8","first-page":"401","volume":"6","author":"Braunstein GD","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"atypb9","first-page":"643","volume":"2","author":"Gruntmanis U.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Opinion Invest Drugs."}],"container-title":["Clinical Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0009922806294800","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0009922806294800","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:27:11Z","timestamp":1777393631000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0009922806294800"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,7]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0009922806294800"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0009922806294800","relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-9228","1938-2707"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-9228","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-2707","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,7]]}}}