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The more diaper-free times an infant experienced during day, the earlier it was toilet trained ( P &lt; .001), which was enhanced by the usage of cloth diapers. The amount of diaper-free times significantly reduced the caregiver\u2019s continuous sleep, the occurrence of rashes and balm usage ( P &lt; .001) and lead to a more regular defecation frequency. Cloth diaper usage had no effect on rashes or balm usage, but on diaper change rate ( P &lt; .001). We could show that, although not as effective as full-time EC, part-time EC is more effective if cloth diapers are used, provided they are changed frequently. Furthermore, EC causes a more regular defecation in infants between 1 and 2 years.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00099228221145268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,5]],"date-time":"2023-03-05T06:41:57Z","timestamp":1677998517000},"page":"901-907","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effects of Early Toilet Training and Elimination Communication With Respect to Diaper Types"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0098-0048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara Katharina","family":"Geist","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roswitha","family":"Bammer-Zimmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00099228221145268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-0398"},{"key":"bibr2-00099228221145268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2012.10.023"},{"key":"bibr3-00099228221145268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.60.2.170"},{"key":"bibr4-00099228221145268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.1985.18-303"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr5-00099228221145268","first-page":"27","volume":"60","author":"Rugolotto S","year":"2006","journal-title":"Minerva Pediatr"},{"key":"bibr6-00099228221145268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20982"},{"key":"bibr7-00099228221145268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aju.2012.11.001"},{"key":"bibr8-00099228221145268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.2002.02903.x"},{"key":"bibr9-00099228221145268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e3181ba0e77"},{"key":"bibr10-00099228221145268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91704-3"},{"key":"bibr11-00099228221145268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109811"},{"key":"bibr12-00099228221145268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2014.05.018"},{"key":"bibr13-00099228221145268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1995.tb07682.x"},{"key":"bibr14-00099228221145268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emospa.2017.09.004"},{"key":"bibr15-00099228221145268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.13263"},{"key":"bibr16-00099228221145268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.2011.01494.x"},{"key":"bibr17-00099228221145268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmv022"},{"key":"bibr18-00099228221145268","first-page":"34","volume":"14","author":"Campbell RL","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pediatrician"},{"key":"bibr19-00099228221145268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.13714"},{"key":"bibr20-00099228221145268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.1986.tb00497.x"},{"key":"bibr21-00099228221145268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2013.04.022"}],"container-title":["Clinical Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00099228221145268","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00099228221145268","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00099228221145268","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:32:30Z","timestamp":1777393950000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00099228221145268"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00099228221145268"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00099228221145268","relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-9228","1938-2707"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-9228","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-2707","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]}}}