{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T05:42:16Z","timestamp":1777527736792,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740355200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical College of Wisconsin Department of Pediatrics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Pediatr (Phila)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We compared the quantity of labs ordered in selected hospitalized children throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Utilization of X-ray, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), echocardiograms, and electrocardiograms (ECG), length of stay (LOS) and timing of antibiotics were secondary outcomes. Retrospective cohort study of patients &gt;60 days to &lt;22 years with cellulitis, pneumonia, and urinary tract infections discharged from hospital medicine March 2018 to February 2020 (pre-) March 2020 to February 2022 (peak) and March 2022 to April 2023 (post peak). Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact test was performed for categorical variables. Kruskal-Wallis test compared continuous variables. Patients admitted peak pandemic incurred more labs and ECGs and fewer MRIs and X-rays. There were no differences in echocardiograms, LOS, or timing of antibiotics. While lab utilization returned to pre-pandemic levels, increased ECG use continued. Increased lab and ECG utilization was observed in patients with certain bacterial infections during the peak of the pandemic, likely reflective of diagnostic uncertainty.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00099228251318479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T07:30:11Z","timestamp":1740382211000},"page":"1123-1130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["How the Pandemic Impacted Resource Utilization in Hospitalized Children With Bacterial Infections"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9372-7980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina M.","family":"McKinney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA"},{"name":"Division of Hospital Medicine, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0320-5162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle L.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Preloger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Graff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy Y.","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Quantitative Health Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melodee","family":"Liegl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Quantitative Health Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Glenn","family":"Bushee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quality and Safety, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick J.","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"McFadden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9994-4110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah C.","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jalm\/jfac048"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-039628"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-005983"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"171","article-title":"The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on pediatric respiratory hospitalizations","volume":"25","author":"Sachs N","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sachs N, Goldberg L, Levinsky Y, et al. The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on pediatric respiratory hospitalizations. Isr Med Assoc J. 2023;25(3):171-176.","journal-title":"Isr Med Assoc J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jhm.13021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/inf.0000000000002963"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021680"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41454"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/inf.0000000000002977"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/hpeds.2020-005652"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/inf.0000000000003050"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18683\/germs.2021.1299"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-021-02724-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/inf.0000000000003345"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/inf.0000000000002888"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.15725"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/hpeds.2020-005579"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2021-322290"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12788\/jhm.3461"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","unstructured":"Wisconsin Department of Health Services. 2023 [cited 2023 September 5]; COVID-19 Hospitalizations and Hospital Capacity]. https:\/\/www.dhs.wisconsin.gov\/covid-19\/hosp-data.htm."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.UTI-0022-2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","first-page":"54","article-title":"Pediatric respiratory illness hospitalizations prior to COVID-19 and during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in Southeast Wisconsin","volume":"121","author":"Liljestrom T","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liljestrom T, Bauer SC, Moral F, Preloger E, Chelampath M. Pediatric respiratory illness hospitalizations prior to COVID-19 and during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in Southeast Wisconsin. WMJ. 2022;121(1):54-57.","journal-title":"WMJ"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/hpeds.2021-006511"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-2177"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12788\/jhm.3688"}],"container-title":["Clinical Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00099228251318479","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00099228251318479","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00099228251318479","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:34:05Z","timestamp":1777394045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00099228251318479"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00099228251318479"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00099228251318479","relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-9228","1938-2707"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-9228","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-2707","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]]}}}