{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T04:40:06Z","timestamp":1777524006779,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1989,11,1]],"date-time":"1989-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":625881600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Pediatr (Phila)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study presents the physiological and psychological characteristics and the running histories of 16 subjects who began long distance running at age 4-12 years. Running duration was 3-15 years (mean 8.4 \u00b1 3.6 yrs). Seven children completed 41 marathons, seven 30-mile races, and eight 60-mile races. The other nine competed at shorter distances. All trained at 30-105 miles\/week.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Two stress fractures, one back sprain and one knee injury occurred. Athletes who reported injuries from recollection may have underreported some injuries. At age 15.4 \u00b1 4.2 years bone age was 15.3 \u00b1 2.6 years and height was at 51 \u00b1 26.0 percentile. Athletes had larger left ventricular diastolic diameter, higher max O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    uptake, and delayed onset of anaerobic metabolism compared to controls.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Psychological profile: IQ = 121 \u00b1 11, scholastic grade point average (GPA) (n = 13) was \u22643.0 in four, 3.6-3.9 in four, and 4.0 in five. Cattell 16 personality factor (PF): Seven scored above the 85th percentile on boldness, warmth, conformity, sensitivity, dominance, and high drive with tension. Eight scored above the 93rd percentile for self discipline and emotional stability. Human Figure Drawing showed a distorted body image in seven. Two developed anorexia nervosa, and another girl committed suicide.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Thus, high physical fitness and no growth retardation were observed. These runners, however, shared distinct positive and negative personality characteristics. The relatively high incidence of severe psychological disorders possibly suggests a need for psychological screening for young children entering a strenuous training program and for close monitoring for development of psychological problems during the program.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/000992288902801103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,26]],"date-time":"2007-11-26T17:50:16Z","timestamp":1196099416000},"page":"500-505","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Young Long Distance Runners"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Dov B.","family":"Nudel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Hassett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schneider Children's Hospital, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Gurian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schneider Children's Hospital, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shmuel","family":"Diamant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Ichilov Hospital, Tel-Aviv, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elliott","family":"Weinhouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norman","family":"Gootman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schneider Children's Hospital, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1989,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1982.03330230030026"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1982.03320440022026"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1982.55.3f.1295"},{"key":"atypb4","first-page":"21","volume":"41","author":"Orlick T.","year":"1974","journal-title":"Can Assoc HPERJ"},{"key":"atypb5","first-page":"99","author":"Larson RL","year":"1966","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"atypb6","unstructured":"Malina RM Human growth, maturation, and regular physical activity. In: Advances in pediatric sports sciences. Boileau RA, ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. 1984;59-84."},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bar-Or O. The growth and development of children's physiologic and perceptional responses to exercise. In: Children and sport. Pediatric Work Physiology . Ilmarinin J, Valimaki I, eds. NY: Springer-Verlag , 1984;3-17.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-69465-3_1"},{"key":"atypb8","unstructured":"Feigenbaum H. Echocardiography. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger , 1981:119."},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-195909000-00030"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(52)80205-7"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(73)90502-4"},{"key":"atypb12","unstructured":"Godfrey S. Growth and development of cardiopulmonary responses to exercise. In: Davis LA, Dobbing J, eds. Scientific foundation of pediatrics. London : Heineman Medical Books, 271-280."},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1967.22.5.923"},{"key":"atypb14","first-page":"535","volume":"129","author":"Wasserman K.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis [Suppl]"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198502000-00003"},{"key":"atypb16","volume-title":"The Bender Gestalt test for young children","author":"Koppitz E.","year":"1963"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7312\/arno92972"},{"key":"atypb18","volume-title":"Handbook for the Jr.-Sr. High School Personality Questionnaire","author":"Cattell R.","year":"1975"},{"key":"atypb19","volume-title":"Measurement of intelligence by drawing","author":"Goodenough F.","year":"1926"},{"key":"atypb20","volume-title":"Psychological evaluation of children's human figure drawings. Grune and Straaton","author":"Koppitz E.","year":"1968"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.79.1.69","volume":"79","author":"Sheps SB","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.1985.11708877"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jsp.5.3.314"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00003677-198600140-00015"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-198502050-00002"},{"key":"atypb26","first-page":"38","volume":"49","author":"Seefeldt V.","year":"1978","journal-title":"JOPER"},{"key":"atypb27","first-page":"161","volume":"3","author":"Daniels J.","year":"1971","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-010-1047-4"},{"key":"atypb29","first-page":"1","volume":"328","author":"Ekblom B.","year":"1969","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand Suppl"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1165808"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1979.46.6.1039"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.64.5.958"},{"key":"atypb33","first-page":"666","volume":"44","author":"Kobayashi K.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Physiol"},{"key":"atypb34","first-page":"110","volume":"47","author":"Stewart KJ","year":"1976","journal-title":"Res Q Am Assoc Health Phys Ed"},{"key":"atypb35","first-page":"204","volume":"10","author":"Vaccaro P.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"atypb36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1025741"},{"key":"atypb37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1983.56.1.35"},{"key":"atypb38","first-page":"42","volume":"12","author":"Morgan WP","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fit"},{"key":"atypb39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198302033080504"},{"key":"atypb40","first-page":"522","volume":"106","author":"Brown R.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Virginia Med Bull"}],"container-title":["Clinical Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/000992288902801103","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/000992288902801103","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:22:26Z","timestamp":1777393346000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/000992288902801103"}},"subtitle":["Physiological and Psychological Characteristics"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1989,11]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/000992288902801103"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/000992288902801103","relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-9228","1938-2707"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-9228","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-2707","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1989,11]]}}}