{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T16:45:10Z","timestamp":1780073110697,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]],"date-time":"2021-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621382400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Merck Pharmaceuticals"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"national center for advancing translational sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR002378"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002378"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"national institutes of health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KL2TR002381"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KL2TR002381"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hosp Pharm"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Fluid stewardship targets optimal fluid management to improve patient outcomes. Intravenous (IV) medications, flushes, and blood products, collectively referred to as hidden fluids, contribute to fluid intake in the intensive care unit (ICU). The impact of specific IV medications on fluid intake is unknown. Objective: Characterize IV medication classes based on contribution to ICU fluid intake by frequency of administration and total volume infused to identify targets for fluid stewardship. Methods: This multi-center, retrospective nested cohort study included patients admitted to a medical or surgical ICU between January 2017 and December 2018. The primary outcome was to identify the volume contribution of specific IV medication classes administered over the first 3 ICU days. Secondary outcomes were the administration frequency of these medications and their proportion of total daily volume intake over the first 3 ICU days. Results: The study included 210 patients. The largest mean administration volumes over the course of the first 3 ICU days were attributed to antibacterials (968\u2009\u00b1\u2009846\u2009mL), vitamins\/minerals\/electrolytes (416\u2009\u00b1\u2009935\u2009mL), pain\/agitation\/delirium agents (310\u2009\u00b1\u2009512\u2009mL), and vasoactive agents (282\u2009\u00b1\u2009744\u2009mL). The highest frequencies over the course of the first 3 ICU days were attributed to antibacterials (n\u2009=\u2009180; 86%), pain\/agitation\/delirium agents (n\u2009=\u2009143; 68%), vitamins\/minerals\/electrolytes (n\u2009=\u2009123; 59%), and vasoactive agents (n\u2009=\u200996; 46%). IV medications contributed 2601\u2009\u00b1\u20092573\u2009mL of fluid volume per patient over the first 3 ICU days, accounting for 42%\u2009\u00b1\u200929% of overall volume. Conclusion: IV medications contribute over 40% of total fluid intake within the first 3\u2009days of ICU admission, with antibacterials as top contributors by administration volume and frequency. Future research implementing fluid stewardship to ICU fluid sources, such as concentrating IV medications, switching IV medications to oral formulations, de-escalation of antibacterials, and reduction of maintenance fluids, should be performed to minimize hidden fluids from IV medications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00185787211016339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]],"date-time":"2021-05-19T08:55:57Z","timestamp":1621414557000},"page":"230-236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Hidden Fluids in Plain Sight: Identifying Intravenous Medication Classes as Contributors to Intensive Care Unit Fluid Intake"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7463-2364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly C.","family":"Gamble","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Georgia, Savannah, GA, 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Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William Anthony","family":"Hawkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Georgia, Albany, GA, USA"},{"name":"Augusta University, Albany, GA, 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