{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T10:19:42Z","timestamp":1774520382679,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,1]],"date-time":"2009-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1233446400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Objective: This study examined the effectiveness of rear-end collision warnings presented in different sensory modalities while drivers were engaged in cell phone conversations in a driving simulator. Background: Tactile and auditory collision warnings have been shown to improve braking response time (RT) in rear-end collision situations. However, it is not clear how effective these warnings are when the driver is engaged in attentionally demanding secondary tasks, such as talking on a cell phone. Method: Sixteen participants in a driving simulator experienced three collision warning conditions (none, tactile, and auditory) in three conversation conditions (none, simple hands free, complex hands free). Driver RT was captured from warning onset to brake initiation (WON2B). Results: WON2B times for auditory warnings were significantly larger for simple conversations compared with no conversation (+148 ms), whereas there was no significant difference between these conditions for tactile warnings (+53 ms). For complex conversations, WON2B times for both tactile (+146 ms) and auditory warnings (+221 ms) were significantly larger than during no conversation. During complex conversations, tactile warnings produced significantly shorter WON2B times than no warning (\u2014141 ms). Conclusion: Tactile warnings are more effective than auditory warnings during both simple and complex conversations. Application: These results indicate that tactile rear-end collision warnings have the potential to offset some of the driving impairments caused by cell phone conversations. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720809333517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,20]],"date-time":"2009-05-20T17:58:40Z","timestamp":1242842320000},"page":"102-110","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":169,"title":["Driver Reaction Time to Tactile and Auditory Rear-End Collision Warnings While Talking on a Cell Phone"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Rayka","family":"Mohebbi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona State University, Mesa, Arizona"}]},{"given":"Rob","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona State University, Mesa, Arizona,"}]},{"given":"Hong Z.","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2005.04.006"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(95)00026-V"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872099779656734"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"Vehicle technologies to improve performance and safety (UCTC Publication","author":"Bhatia, P.","year":"2003"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.397184"},{"key":"atypb6","volume-title":"The 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study Phase II: Results of the 100-car field experiment (Report No. DOT HS 810593)","author":"Dingus, T.A.","year":"2006"},{"key":"atypb7","unstructured":"Godthelp, J. & Schuman, J. (1993). Intelligent accelerator: An element of driver support. In A. M. Parkes & S. Frazen (Eds.), Driving future vehicles (pp. 265-275). London: Taylor & Francis."},{"key":"atypb8","volume-title":"Sensation and perception","author":"Goldstein, E.B.","year":"2006"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirst, S. & Graham, R. (1997). The format and presentation of collision warnings . In Y. I. Noy (Ed.), Ergonomics and safety of intelligent driver interfaces (pp. 203-219). 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