{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T03:17:42Z","timestamp":1777000662031,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]],"date-time":"2009-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243814400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Objective: This study investigated the effect of a nondriving cognitively loading task on the relationship between drivers\u2019 endogenous and exogenous control of attention. Background: Previous studies have shown that cognitive load leads to a withdrawal of attention from the forward scene and a narrowed field of view, which impairs hazard detection. Method: Posner\u2019s cue-target paradigm was modified to study how endogenous and exogenous cues interact with cognitive load to influence drivers\u2019 attention in a complex dynamic situation. In a driving simulator, pedestrian crossing signs that predicted the spatial location of pedestrians acted as endogenous cues. To impose cognitive load on drivers, we had them perform an auditory task that simulated the demands of emerging in-vehicle technology. Irrelevant exogenous cues were added to half of the experimental drives by including scene clutter. Results: The validity of endogenous cues influenced how drivers scanned for pedestrian targets. Cognitive load delayed drivers\u2019 responses, and scene clutter reduced drivers\u2019 fixation durations to pedestrians. Cognitive load diminished the influence of exogenous cues to attract attention to irrelevant areas, and drivers were more affected by scene clutter when the endogenous cues were invalid. Conclusion: Cognitive load suppresses interference from irrelevant exogenous cues and delays endogenous orienting of attention in driving. Application: The complexity of everyday tasks, such as driving, is better captured experimentally in paradigms that represent the interactive nature of attention and processing load. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720809337814","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,17]],"date-time":"2009-07-17T02:12:58Z","timestamp":1247796778000},"page":"271-280","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["The Interaction of Cognitive Load and Attention-Directing Cues in Driving"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Yi-Ching","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Savoy, Illinois,"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Ng Boyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(94)90035-3"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(95)00026-V"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.134.2.207"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"Driver cell phone use in 2005: Overall results","author":"Glassbrenner, D.","year":"2005"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872006776412135"},{"key":"atypb6","volume-title":"Ishihara\u2019s tests for colour-blindness","author":"Ishihara, S.","year":"1966"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0081031"},{"key":"atypb8","unstructured":"Jonides, J. (1981). Voluntary versus automatic control over the mind\u2019s eye\u2019s movement . In J. B. Long & A. D. Baddeley (Eds.), Attention and performance IX (pp. 187-203). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum."},{"key":"atypb9","volume-title":"The impact of driver inattention on nearcrash\/crash risk: An analysis using the 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study data [Electronic version]","author":"Klauer, S.G.","year":"2006"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2004.09.029"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.21.3.451"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.133.3.339"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03213897"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872001775870340"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872007X215791"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471214426.pas0106"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2006.012336"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.15.2.315"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00335558008248231"},{"key":"atypb20","unstructured":"Posner, M.I., Nissen, M.J. & Ogden, W.C. ( 1978). Attended and unattended processing modes: The role of set for spatial location. In H. Pick & E. Saltzman (Eds.), Modes of perceiving and processing information (pp. 137-158). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum."},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203022795"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-898X.9.2.119"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5343.1616"},{"key":"atypb24","volume-title":"Proceedings of Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 48th Annual Meeting","author":"Reyes, M.L."},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.20.3.555"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-898X.9.1.23"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00386"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03211619"},{"key":"atypb29","unstructured":"Theeuwes, J. ( 1991b). Visual selection: Exogenous and endogenous control. In A. G. Gale, I. D. Brown, C. M. Haslegrave, H. W. Kruysse, & S. P. Taylor (Eds.), Vision in vehicles: III (pp. 53-61). Amsterdam , Netherlands: Elsevier Science."},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p230429"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720809337814","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720809337814","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,2]],"date-time":"2025-03-02T22:56:33Z","timestamp":1740956193000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0018720809337814"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0018720809337814"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720809337814","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]}}}