{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T22:10:05Z","timestamp":1775859005857,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]],"date-time":"2009-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243814400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Objective: Computational models of identification and relative comparison tasks performed on color-coded data visualizations were presented and evaluated against two experiments. In this context, the possibility of a dual-use color scale, useful for both tasks, was explored, and the use of the legend was a major focus. Background: Multicolored scales are superior to ordered brightness scales for identification tasks, such as determining the absolute numeric value of a represented item, whereas ordered brightness scales are superior for relative comparison tasks, such as determining which of two represented items has a greater value. Method: Computational models were constructed for these tasks, and their predictions were compared with the results of two experiments. Results: The models fit the experimental results well. A multicolored, brightness-ordered dual-use scale supported high accuracy on both tasks and fast responses on a comparison task but relatively slower responses on the identification task. Conclusion: Identification tasks are solved by a serial visual search of the legend, whose speed and accuracy are a function of the discriminability of the color scales. Comparison tasks with multicolored scales are performed by a parallel search of the legend; with brightness scales, comparison tasks are generally solved by a direct comparison between colors on the visualization, without reference to the legend. Finally, it is possible to provide users a dual-use color scale effective on both tasks. Application: Trade-offs that must typically be made in the design of color-coded visualizations between speed and accuracy or between identification and comparison tasks may be mitigated. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720809338286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,24]],"date-time":"2009-07-24T01:55:44Z","timestamp":1248400544000},"page":"321-338","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Cognitive Models of the Influence of Color Scale on Data Visualization Tasks"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Leonard A.","family":"Breslow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raj M.","family":"Ratwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. Gregory","family":"Trafton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195324259.001.0001"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.111.4.1036"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.29.4.758"},{"key":"atypb4","author":"Breslow, L.A.","journal-title":"Color Research and Application"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015085"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-898X.4.2.75"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.8.1.127"},{"key":"atypb8","volume-title":"Improvements to industrial colour-difference evaluation (Publication CIE 142-2001)","author":"CIE.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/col.10209"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/col.5080160608"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1997)125<1414:TNRLSC>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0434(1993)008<0505:SCIUCI>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"atypb13","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting","author":"Merwin, D.H."},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(99)00009-7"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872089203400507"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.45.1.28.27225"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140138208925071"},{"key":"atypb18","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Development Core Team.","year":"2007"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13506280802025791"},{"key":"atypb20","volume-title":"E-Prime user\u2019s guide","author":"Schneider, W.","year":"2002"},{"key":"atypb21","unstructured":"Schunn, C.D. & Wallach, D. ( 2005). Evaluating goodness-of-fit in comparison of models to data. In W. Tack (Ed.), Psychologie der Kognition: Reden und Vortr\u00e4ge anl\u00e4sslich der Emeritierung von Werner Tack (pp. 115-154). Saarbrueken , Germany: University of Saarland Press."},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/col.20070"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.7.001985"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-898X.5.4.393"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0093759"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.2000.0419"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trafton, J.G., Marshall, S., Mintz, F.E. & Trickett, S.B. (2002). Extracting explicit and implicit information from complex visualizations. In B. Meyer & H. Narayanan (Eds.), Diagramatic representation and inference (pp. 206-220). 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