{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T10:36:24Z","timestamp":1761561384207,"version":"3.33.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,1]],"date-time":"2009-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1254355200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Objective: This article is an investigation of the effectiveness of sonifications, which are continuous auditory alerts mapped to the state of a monitored task, in supporting unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) supervisory control. Background: UAV supervisory control requires monitoring a UAV across multiple tasks (e.g., course maintenance) via a predominantly visual display, which currently is supported with discrete auditory alerts. Sonification has been shown to enhance monitoring performance in domains such as anesthesiology by allowing an operator to immediately determine an entity\u2019s (e.g., patient) current and projected states, and is a promising alternative to discrete alerts in UAV control. However, minimal research compares sonification to discrete alerts, and no research assesses the effectiveness of sonification for monitoring multiple entities (e.g., multiple UAVs). Method: The authors conducted an experiment with 39 military personnel, using a simulated setup. Participants controlled single and multiple UAVs and received sonifications or discrete alerts based on UAV course deviations and late target arrivals. Results: Regardless of the number of UAVs supervised, the course deviation sonification resulted in reactions to course deviations that were 1.9 s faster, a 19% enhancement, compared with discrete alerts. However, course deviation sonifications interfered with the effectiveness of discrete late arrival alerts in general and with operator responses to late arrivals when supervising multiple vehicles. Conclusions: Sonifications can outperform discrete alerts when designed to aid operators to predict future states of monitored tasks. However, sonifications may mask other auditory alerts and interfere with other monitoring tasks that require divided attention. Applications: This research has implications for supervisory control display design. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720809347106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,18]],"date-time":"2009-11-18T04:29:21Z","timestamp":1258518561000},"page":"718-729","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Auditory Decision Aiding in Supervisory Control of Multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Birsen","family":"Donmez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts,"}]},{"given":"M.L.","family":"Cummings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts"}]},{"given":"Hudson D.","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,17]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Predators ready to aid Missouri flood victims","year":"2007","author":"Arana-Barradas, L.A.","key":"atypb1"},{"volume-title":"Paper presented at the 12th International Symposium on Aviation Psychology","author":"Barbato, G.","key":"atypb2"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s005300050108"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) Infotech Aerospace Conference [CD-ROM]","author":"Brzezinski, A.S.","key":"atypb4"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Multimodal Interfaces","author":"Burke, J.L.","key":"atypb5"},{"volume-title":"COMUSAFE: Unmanned aircraft key to future decision superiority","year":"2006","author":"Culbertson, E.","key":"atypb6"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872007X249956"},{"key":"atypb8","unstructured":"Deatherage, B.H. ( 1972). Auditory and other sensory forms of information processing . In H. P. VanCott & R. G. Kinkade (Eds.), Human engineering guide to equipment design (pp. 123-160). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office."},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872005774860005"},{"volume-title":"Unmanned systems roadmap (No. 2007-2032)","year":"2007","author":"Department of Defense.","key":"atypb10"},{"volume-title":"Assessing the impact of auditory peripheral displays for UAV operators (No. HAL2007-09)","year":"2007","author":"Graham, H.D.","key":"atypb11"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hart, S.G. & Staveland, L.E. (1988). Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): Results of empirical and theoretical research. In P. Hancock & N. Meshkati (Eds.), Human mental workload (pp. 139-183). Amsterdam: North Holland B. V.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62386-9"},{"volume-title":"Auditory display: Sonification, audification and auditory interfaces. SFI Studies in the Sciences Of Complexity","author":"Kramer, G.","key":"atypb13"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-200202000-00025","volume":"94","author":"Loeb, R.G.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anesthesia and Analgesia"},{"volume-title":"Human systems integration and automation issues in small unmanned aerial vehicles (No. NPS-OR-04-008)","year":"2004","author":"McCauley, M.E.","key":"atypb15"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.17.1.160"},{"volume-title":"Design and evaluation of warfighter task support methods in a multi-modal watchstation (No. 1874)","year":"2002","author":"Osga, G.","key":"atypb17"},{"key":"atypb18","unstructured":"Pacey, M. & MacGregor, C. ( 2001). Auditory cues for monitoring a background process: A comparative evaluation. In Michitake Hirose (Ed.), Proceedings of the Human Computer Interaction: INTERACT Conference (pp. 174-181). Amsterdam: IOS ."},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1990.0091"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872088002200306"},{"key":"atypb21","unstructured":"Snodgrass, J.G. ( 1975). Psychophysics. In B. Scharf (Ed.), Experimental sensory psychology (pp. 16-76). Glenview, IL: Scott Foresman."},{"key":"atypb22","unstructured":"Sorkin, R.D. ( 1987). Design of auditory and tactile displays. In G. Salvendy (Ed.), Handbook of human factors (pp. 549-576). New York: Wiley."},{"volume-title":"Paper presented at the 4th Conference on Human Factors and the Web","author":"Tannen, R.S.","key":"atypb23"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) Infotech Aerospace Conference [CD-ROM]","author":"Tsach, S.","key":"atypb24"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.46.3.497.50401"},{"key":"atypb26","volume-title":"An introduction to human factors engineering","author":"Wickens, C.D.","year":"2004","edition":"2"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139508925274"},{"volume-title":"Principles of physiological psychology","year":"1902","author":"Wundt, W.M.","key":"atypb28"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720809347106","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720809347106","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T15:42:02Z","timestamp":1737992522000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0018720809347106"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0018720809347106"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720809347106","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0018-7208"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1547-8181"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]}}}