{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T11:03:56Z","timestamp":1753182236214,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,1]],"date-time":"2010-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1275350400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Objective: This study examined the effect of cane tips and cane techniques on drop-off detection with the long cane. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Background: Blind pedestrians depend on a long cane to detect drop-offs. Missing a drop-off may result in falls or collision with moving vehicles in the street. Although cane tips appear to affect a cane user\u2019s ability to detect drop-offs, few experimental studies have examined such effect. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Method: A repeated-measures design with block randomization was used for the study. Participants were 17 adults who were legally blind and had no other disabilities. Participants attempted to detect the drop-offs of varied depths using different cane tips and cane techniques. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Results: Drop-off detection rates were similar between the marshmallow tip (77.0%) and the marshmallow roller tip (79.4%) when both tips were used with the constant contact technique, p = .294. However, participants detected drop-offs at a significantly higher percentage when they used the constant contact technique with the marshmallow roller tip (79.4%) than when they used the two-point touch technique with the marshmallow tip (63.2%), p &lt; .001. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Conclusion: The constant contact technique used with a marshmallow roller tip (perceived as a less advantageous tip) was more effective than the two-point touch technique used with a marshmallow tip (perceived as a more advantageous tip) in detecting drop-offs. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Application: The findings of the study may help cane users and orientation and mobility specialists select appropriate cane techniques and cane tips in accordance with the cane user\u2019s characteristics and the nature of the travel environment. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720810374196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,21]],"date-time":"2010-08-21T01:11:52Z","timestamp":1282353112000},"page":"456-465","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Ergonomic Factors Related to Drop-Off Detection With the Long Cane: Effects of Cane Tips and Techniques"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Dae Shik","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo,"}]},{"given":"Robert S.","family":"Wall Emerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo"}]},{"given":"Amy B.","family":"Curtis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0145482X0509901007"},{"key":"atypb2","unstructured":"Armstrong, J.D. ( 1975). Evaluation of man-machine systems in the mobility of the visually handicapped. In R. M. Picket , & T. J. Triggs (Eds.), Human factors in health care (pp. 331-343). Lexington, MA: Lexington Books."},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0145482X9208600607"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0145482X9609000404"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0145482X0209600704"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.17.2.347"},{"key":"atypb7","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen, J.","year":"1988","edition":"2"},{"journal-title":"American Association of Workers for the Blind Newsletter","year":"1981","author":"De Bruin, D.","key":"atypb8"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03203630"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1177\/0145482X8608001007","volume":"80","author":"Fisk, S.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(94)90264-X"},{"key":"atypb12","volume-title":"Psychophysics: The fundamentals","author":"Gescheider, G.A.","year":"1997","edition":"3"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.399300"},{"volume-title":"Orientation and mobility techniques: Guide for the practitioner","year":"1976","author":"Hill, E.W.","key":"atypb14"},{"key":"atypb15","unstructured":"Hoover, R.E. ( 1962). The cane as a travel aid. In P. A. Zahl (Ed.), Blindness: Modern approaches to the unseen environment (pp. 353-365). 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