{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T17:18:58Z","timestamp":1782407938098,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,1]],"date-time":"2010-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1275350400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Objective: This study examined whether benefits of conflict probe automation would occur in a future air traffic scenario in which air traffic service providers (ATSPs) are not directly responsible for freely maneuvering aircraft but are controlling other nonequipped aircraft (mixed-equipage environment). The objective was to examine how the type of automation imperfection (miss vs. false alarm) affects ATSP performance and attention allocation. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Background: Research has shown that the type of automation imperfection leads to differential human performance costs. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Method: Participating in four 30-min scenarios were 12 full-performance-level ATSPs. Dependent variables included conflict detection and resolution performance, eye movements, and subjective ratings of trust and self confidence. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Results: ATSPs detected conflicts faster and more accurately with reliable automation, as compared with manual performance. When the conflict probe automation was unreliable, conflict detection performance declined with both miss (25% conflicts detected) and false alarm automation (50% conflicts detected). <\/jats:p><jats:p> Conclusion: When the primary task of conflict detection was automated, even highly reliable yet imperfect automation (miss or false alarm) resulted in serious negative effects on operator performance. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Application: The further in advance that conflict probe automation predicts a conflict, the greater the uncertainty of prediction; thus, designers should provide users with feedback on the state of the automation or other tools that allow for inspection and analysis of the data underlying the conflict probe algorithm. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720810375692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,20]],"date-time":"2010-10-20T22:02:41Z","timestamp":1287612161000},"page":"411-425","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Transitioning to Future Air Traffic Management: Effects of Imperfect Automation on Controller Attention and Performance"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Ericka","family":"Rovira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raja","family":"Parasuraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"Eyenal [Computer software]","author":"Applied Science Lab.","year":"1999"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2008.06.001"},{"key":"atypb3","volume-title":"Cry-wolf: The psychology of false alarms","author":"Breznitz, S.","year":"1983"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium on Aviation Psychology","author":"Casta\u00f1o, D."},{"key":"atypb5","first-page":"9","volume":"4","author":"Corker, K.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of ATC"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872006778606822"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872007X215656"},{"key":"atypb8","volume-title":"Signal detection theory and psychophysics","author":"Green, D.M.","year":"1988","edition":"2"},{"key":"atypb9","unstructured":"Irwin, D.E. 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