{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T03:49:13Z","timestamp":1776138553160,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,8]],"date-time":"2010-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1283904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Objective: The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of working memory load on drivers\u2019 responses to a suddenly braking lead vehicle and whether this effect (if any) is moderated by repeated scenario exposure. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Background: Several experimental studies have found delayed braking responses to lead vehicle braking events during concurrent performance of nonvisual, working memory\u2014loading tasks, such as hands-free phone conversation. However, the common use of repeated, and hence somewhat expected, braking events may undermine the generalizability of these results to naturalistic, unexpected, emergency braking scenarios. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Method: A critical lead vehicle braking scenario was implemented in a fixed-based simulator. The effects of working memory load and repeated scenario exposure on braking performance were examined. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Results: Brake response time was decomposed into accelerator pedal release time and accelerator-to-brake pedal movement time. Accelerator pedal release times were strongly reduced with repeated scenario exposure and were delayed by working memory load with a small but significant amount (178 ms). The two factors did not interact. There were no effects on accelerator-to-brake pedal movement time. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Conclusion:The results suggest that effects of working memory load on response performance obtained from repeated critical lead vehicle braking scenarios may be validly generalized to real world unexpected events. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Application: The results have important implications for the interpretation of braking performance in experimental settings, in particular in the context of safety-related evaluation of in-vehicle information and communication technologies. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720810381072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,9]],"date-time":"2010-09-09T02:05:49Z","timestamp":1283997949000},"page":"551-559","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Effects of Working Memory Load and Repeated Scenario Exposure on Emergency Braking Performance"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Johan","family":"Engstr\u00f6m","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Volvo Technology Corporation, G\u00f6teborg, Sweden,"}]},{"given":"Mikael Ljung","family":"Aust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chalmers University of Technology, G\u00f6teborg, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Matias","family":"Vistr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chalmers University of Technology, G\u00f6teborg, Sweden"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(95)00026-V"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the European Conference on Human Centred Design for Intelligent Transport Systems","author":"Baumann, M. R. K"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(91)90008-S"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00168"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn755"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017877"},{"key":"atypb7","volume-title":"The 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study Phase II: Results of the 100-car field experiment (Report No. DOT HS 810 593)","author":"Dingus, T.A.","year":"2006"},{"key":"atypb8","unstructured":"Engstr\u00f6m, J. (2010). Scenario criticality determines the effects of working memory load on brake response time. In J. Krems, T. Petzoldt, & M. Henning (Eds.), Proceedings of the European Conference on Human Centred Design for Intelligent Transport Systems (pp. 25-36). Lyon , France: HUMANIST."},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Engstr\u00f6m, J. \u00c5berg, N., Johansson, E. & Hammarb\u00e4ck, J. (2005). Comparison between visual and tactile signal detection tasks applied to the safety assessment of in-vehicle information systems (IVIS). In T. Lopes (Ed.), Proceedings of the Third International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle Design (pp. 232-239). Iowa City: University of Iowa, Public Policy Center .","DOI":"10.17077\/drivingassessment.1166"},{"key":"atypb10","volume-title":"Proceedings of the First International Conference on Driver Distraction and Inattention","author":"Engstr\u00f6m, J."},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/STHF0203_1"},{"key":"atypb12","unstructured":"Jonides, J. ( 1981). Voluntary versus automatic control over the mind\u2019s eye\u2019s movement. In J. B. Long & A. D. Baddeley (Eds.), Attention and performance IX (pp. 187-203). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum ."},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0021283"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872001775870340"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/0018720024497844"},{"key":"atypb16","volume-title":"AIDE Deliverable 2.2.7: Empirical comparison of methods for off-line workload measurement (Project No. IST-1-507674-IP)","author":"Mattes, S.","year":"2007"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872008X250656"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2018-02"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-0629-1_1"},{"key":"atypb20","volume-title":"Driver distraction in commercial vehicle operations (Report No. FMCSA-RRR-09-042)","author":"Olson, R.L.","year":"2009"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00335558008248231"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872008X354200"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.136.3520.982"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.46.4.640.56806"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-898X.9.1.23"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720810381072","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720810381072","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T04:49:57Z","timestamp":1741063797000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0018720810381072"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,8]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0018720810381072"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720810381072","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,8]]}}}