{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:13:16Z","timestamp":1777669996814,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,2]],"date-time":"2011-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1322784000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: The aim of this study was to determine if thumb motor performance metrics varied by movement orientation, direction, and device size during single-handed use of a mobile phone device.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Background: With the increased use of mobile phones, understanding how design factors affect and improve performance can provide better design guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Method: A repeated measures laboratory experiment of 20 right-handed participants measured the thumb tip\u2019s 3-D position relative to a phone during reciprocal tapping tasks across four phone designs and four thumb tip movement orientations. Each movement orientation included two movement directions: an \u201coutward\u201d direction consisting in CMC (carpometacarpal) joint flexion or abduction movements and an \u201cinward\u201d direction consisting in CMC joint extension or adduction movements. Calculated metrics of the thumb\u2019s motor performance were Fitts\u2019 effective width and index of performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: Index of performance varied significantly across phones, with performance being generally better for the smaller devices. Performance was also significantly higher for adduction\u2013abduction movement orientations compared to flexion\u2013extension, and for \u201coutward\u201d compared to \u201cinward\u201d movement directions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusion: For single-handed device use, adduction\u2013abduction-type movements on smaller phones lead to better thumb performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Application: The results from this study can be used to design new mobile phone devices and keypad interfaces that optimize specific thumb motions to improve the user-interface experience during single-handed use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720811423660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,3]],"date-time":"2011-12-03T15:27:31Z","timestamp":1322926051000},"page":"52-59","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Thumb Motor Performance Varies by Movement Orientation, Direction, and Device Size During Single-Handed Mobile Phone Use"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Matthieu B.","family":"Trudeau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tawan","family":"Udtamadilok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy K.","family":"Karlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research, Richmond, Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jack T.","family":"Dennerlein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard School of Public Health and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720811423660","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0894-1130(12)80333-4"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720811423660","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197759010-00004"},{"key":"bibr3-0018720811423660","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/302979.303042"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720811423660","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.46.2.244.37337"},{"key":"bibr5-0018720811423660","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0055392"},{"key":"bibr6-0018720811423660","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2008.11.010"},{"key":"bibr7-0018720811423660","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-59904-871-0.ch006"},{"key":"bibr8-0018720811423660","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-0033(96)00029-0"},{"key":"bibr9-0018720811423660","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2009.08.002"},{"key":"bibr10-0018720811423660","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-002-1357-5"},{"key":"bibr11-0018720811423660","unstructured":"UN News Service. (2008). Number of cell phone subscribers to hit 4 billion this year, UN says. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.un.org\/apps\/news\/story.asp?NewsID=28251&Cr=Telecommunication&Cr1=&Kw1=phone+subscribers+&Kw2=4&+billion&Kw3="}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720811423660","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0018720811423660","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720811423660","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:54:56Z","timestamp":1777449296000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0018720811423660"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,2]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0018720811423660"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720811423660","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,2]]}}}