{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:13:29Z","timestamp":1777670009932,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,20]],"date-time":"2012-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1327017600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Analyses of novel linguistic and grammatical features, extracted from transcribed speech of people working in a collaborative environment, were performed for cognitive load measurement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prior studies have attempted to assess users\u2019 cognitive load with several measures, but most of them are intrusive and disrupt normal task flow. An effective measurement of people\u2019s cognitive load can help improve their performance by deploying appropriate output and support strategies accordingly.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors studied 33 members of bushfire management teams working collaboratively in computerized incident control rooms and involved in complex bushfire management tasks. The participants\u2019 communication was analyzed for some novel linguistic features as potential indices of cognitive load, which included sentence length, use of agreement and disagreement phrases, and use of personal pronouns, including both singular and plural pronoun types.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results showed users\u2019 different linguistic and grammatical patterns with various cognitive load levels. Specifically, with high load, people spoke more and used longer sentences, used more words that indicated disagreement with other team members, and exhibited increased use of plural personal pronouns and decreased use of singular pronouns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The article provides encouraging evidence for the use of linguistic and grammatical analysis for measuring users\u2019 cognitive load and proposes some novel features as cognitive load indices.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proposed approach may be applied to many data-intense and safety-critical task scenarios, such as emergency management departments, for example, bushfire or traffic incident management centers; air traffic control rooms; and call centers, where speech is used as part of everyday tasks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720811431258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,21]],"date-time":"2012-01-21T20:35:29Z","timestamp":1327178129000},"page":"518-529","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Analysis of Collaborative Communication for Linguistic Cues of Cognitive Load"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"M. Asif","family":"Khawaja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National ICT Australia (NICTA) and University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"}]},{"given":"Nadine","family":"Marcus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720811431258","first-page":"818","volume-title":"Proceedings of HCI International (the 8th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction): Ergonomics and User Interfaces","volume":"1","author":"Ark W. S.","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720811431258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-7421(08)60422-3"},{"key":"bibr3-0018720811431258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-6870(92)90152-L"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720811431258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01538-2"},{"key":"bibr5-0018720811431258","first-page":"829","volume":"4","author":"Baddeley A.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bibr6-0018720811431258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1736359"},{"key":"bibr7-0018720811431258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-2490-1_23"},{"key":"bibr8-0018720811431258","first-page":"239","volume-title":"Vocal fold physiology, biomechanics, acoustics, and phonatory control","author":"Brenner M.","year":"1985"},{"key":"bibr9-0018720811431258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15326985EP3801_7"},{"key":"bibr10-0018720811431258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532690xci0804_2"},{"key":"bibr11-0018720811431258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/x91-010"},{"key":"bibr12-0018720811431258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-057090-7.50013-8"},{"key":"bibr13-0018720811431258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:CLIM.0000024667.89579.ed"},{"key":"bibr14-0018720811431258","volume-title":"Human performance measures handbook","author":"Gawron V. J.","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr15-0018720811431258","volume":"2","author":"G\u00fctl C.","year":"2005","journal-title":"European Journal of Open, Distance and E-Learning"},{"key":"bibr16-0018720811431258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-9993.2003.01300.x"},{"key":"bibr17-0018720811431258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(94)90748-X"},{"key":"bibr18-0018720811431258","first-page":"171","volume-title":"Resource-adaptive cognitive processes","author":"Jameson A.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr19-0018720811431258","volume-title":"The effects of expressivity and flight task on cockpit communication and resource management","author":"Jensen R. S.","year":"1986"},{"key":"bibr20-0018720811431258","volume-title":"Paper presented at the RTO HFM Symposium on Current Aeromedical Issues in Rotary Wing Operations","author":"Katz C.","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr21-0018720811431258","volume-title":"Paper presented at the Proceedings of Fonetiikan P\u00e4iv\u00e4t","author":"Ker\u00e4nen H.","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr22-0018720811431258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03208899"},{"key":"bibr23-0018720811431258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1027933.1027953"},{"key":"bibr24-0018720811431258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1517744.1517814"},{"key":"bibr25-0018720811431258","first-page":"186","volume":"42","author":"Kintsch W.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychologia"},{"key":"bibr26-0018720811431258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-008-9095-2"},{"key":"bibr27-0018720811431258","first-page":"22","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Interactive Networked Simulation for Training Conference","author":"Kleinman D. L.","year":"1989"},{"key":"bibr28-0018720811431258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1124772.1124907"},{"key":"bibr29-0018720811431258","first-page":"279","volume-title":"Multiple-task performance","author":"Kramer A. F.","year":"1991"},{"key":"bibr30-0018720811431258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130310001629766"},{"key":"bibr31-0018720811431258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.00165.x"},{"key":"bibr32-0018720811431258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2003.1193657"},{"key":"bibr33-0018720811431258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.405815"},{"key":"bibr34-0018720811431258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.88.1.49"},{"key":"bibr35-0018720811431258","first-page":"6","volume-title":"Proceedings of 36th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS\u201903)","volume":"5","author":"Marshall S. P.","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr36-0018720811431258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139164603"},{"key":"bibr37-0018720811431258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.87.2.319"},{"key":"bibr38-0018720811431258","volume-title":"Paper presented at the IEA 2000\/HFES 2000: The XIVth Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association and 44th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","author":"Nickel P.","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr39-0018720811431258","unstructured":"NVivo: Research Software for Analysis and Insight. (2010). Doncaster, Australia: QSR International. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.qsrinternational.com"},{"key":"bibr40-0018720811431258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA246618"},{"key":"bibr41-0018720811431258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1180639.1180831"},{"key":"bibr42-0018720811431258","volume-title":"Paper presented at the 5th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM)","author":"Owen C.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr43-0018720811431258","first-page":"11","volume-title":"Recent innovations in educational technology that facilitate student learning","author":"Paas F.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr44-0018720811431258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1994.79.1.419"},{"key":"bibr45-0018720811431258","unstructured":"Pennebaker J. W., Chung C. K., Ireland M., Gonzales A., Booth R. J. (2007). The development and psychometric properties of LIWC2007. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.liwc.net"},{"key":"bibr46-0018720811431258","volume-title":"Paper presented at the 53rd Session of International Statistical Institute","author":"Rhee K. M.","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr47-0018720811431258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7771\/2327-2937.1007"},{"key":"bibr48-0018720811431258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1240866.1241057"},{"key":"bibr49-0018720811431258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-200107000-00001"},{"key":"bibr50-0018720811431258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1202_4"},{"key":"bibr51-0018720811431258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022193728205"},{"key":"bibr52-0018720811431258","unstructured":"Transana. (2010). Madison: University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison Center for Education Research. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.transana.org"},{"key":"bibr53-0018720811431258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NAFIPS.2001.943691"},{"key":"bibr54-0018720811431258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.45.4.635.27088"},{"key":"bibr55-0018720811431258","volume-title":"Paper presented at the 9th Conference on Speech and Computer (SPECOM\u201904)","author":"Wood C.","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr56-0018720811431258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSPA.2010.5605535"},{"key":"bibr57-0018720811431258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2008.4518041"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720811431258","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0018720811431258","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720811431258","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:55:01Z","timestamp":1777449301000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0018720811431258"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,20]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0018720811431258"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720811431258","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,20]]}}}