{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T09:25:27Z","timestamp":1773307527621,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,15]],"date-time":"2012-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1339718400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p> In this study, the authors used algorithms to estimate driver distraction and predict crash and near-crash risk on the basis of driver glance behavior using the data set of the 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Driver distraction has been a leading cause of motor vehicle crashes, but the relationship between distractions and crash risk lacks detailed quantification. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title><jats:p> The authors compared 24 algorithms that varied according to how they incorporated three potential contributors to distraction\u2014glance duration, glance history, and glance location\u2014on how well the algorithms predicted crash risk. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Distraction estimated from driver eye-glance patterns was positively associated with crash risk. The algorithms incorporating ongoing off-road glance duration predicted crash risk better than did the algorithms incorporating glance history. Augmenting glance duration with other elements of glance behavior\u20141.5th power of duration and duration weighted by glance location\u2014produced similar prediction performance as glance duration alone. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p> The distraction level estimated by the algorithms that include current glance duration provides the most sensitive indicator of crash risk. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Application:<\/jats:title><jats:p> The results inform the design of algorithms to monitor driver state that support real-time distraction mitigation systems. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720812446965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,17]],"date-time":"2012-06-17T21:43:23Z","timestamp":1339969403000},"page":"1104-1116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":136,"title":["How Dangerous Is Looking Away From the Road? Algorithms Predict Crash Risk From Glance Patterns in Naturalistic Driving"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Yulan","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety, Hopkinton, Massachusetts"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin, Madison"}]},{"given":"Lora","family":"Yekhshatyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Iowa, Iowa City"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720812446965","volume-title":"Traffic safety factor: An examination of driver distraction as recorded in NHTSA databases","author":"Ascone D.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720812446965","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-2607(89)90013-7"},{"key":"bibr3-0018720812446965","volume-title":"The 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study, Phase II: Results of the 100-car field experiment","author":"Dingus T. 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