{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:48:11Z","timestamp":1777668491066,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,17]],"date-time":"2012-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1347840000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study was designed to show how driver attention to the road scene and engagement of a choice of secondary tasks are affected by the level of automation provided to assist or take over the basic task of vehicle control. It was also designed to investigate the difference between support in longitudinal control and support in lateral control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is comparatively little literature on the implications of automation for drivers\u2019 engagement in the driving task and for their willingness to engage in non-driving-related activities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A study was carried out on a high-level driving simulator in which drivers experienced three levels of automation: manual driving, semiautomated driving with either longitudinal or lateral control provided, and highly automated driving with both longitudinal and lateral control provided. Drivers were free to pay attention to the roadway and traffic or to engage in a range of entertainment and grooming tasks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Engagement in the nondriving tasks increased from manual to semiautomated driving and increased further with highly automated driving. There were substantial differences in attention to the road and traffic between the two types of semiautomated driving.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The literature on automation and the various task analyses of driving do not currently help to explain the effects that were found. Lateral support and longitudinal support may be the same in terms of levels of automation but appear to be regarded rather differently by drivers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720812460246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,18]],"date-time":"2012-09-18T01:46:13Z","timestamp":1347932773000},"page":"747-761","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":294,"title":["Control Task Substitution in Semiautomated Driving"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Oliver","family":"Carsten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank C. H.","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yvonne","family":"Barnard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. Hamish","family":"Jamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natasha","family":"Merat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720812460246","volume-title":"The measurement of drivers\u2019 mental workload","author":"de Waard D.","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720812460246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872095779049499"},{"key":"bibr3-0018720812460246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84628-618-6_4"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720812460246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2006.08.023"},{"key":"bibr5-0018720812460246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1416145"},{"key":"bibr6-0018720812460246","volume-title":"Paper presented at the Driving Simulator Conference North America","author":"Greenberg J.","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr7-0018720812460246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00423119308969025"},{"key":"bibr8-0018720812460246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14639220802368856"},{"key":"bibr9-0018720812460246","first-page":"86","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle Design","author":"Hollnagel E.","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr10-0018720812460246","first-page":"221","volume-title":"Vision in vehicles II","author":"Hughes P. 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