{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:48:10Z","timestamp":1777668490413,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,28]],"date-time":"2012-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1348790400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was designed to determine the effects of hearing loss, aviation headset type, flight workload complexity, and communication signal quality on pilots\u2019 performance in an army rotary-wing flight simulator.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To maintain flight status, army aviators who do not meet current audiometric standards require a hearing loss waiver, which is based on speech intelligibility in quiet conditions. Because hearing loss characteristics of hearing-impaired aviators can vary greatly, and because performance is likely also influenced by degree of flight workload and communication demand, it was expected that performance among hearing-impaired aviators would also vary.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants were 20 army helicopter pilots. Pilots flew three flights in a full motion-based helicopter simulator, with a different headset configuration and varying flight workload levels and communication signal quality characterizing each flight. Objective flight performance parameters of heading, altitude, and airspeed deviation and air traffic control command read-backs were measured.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Statistically significant results suggest that high levels of flight workload, especially in combination with poor communications signal quality, lead to deficits in flight performance and speech intelligibility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results support a conclusion that factors other than hearing thresholds and speech intelligibility in quiet should be considered when evaluating helicopter pilots\u2019 flight safety. The results also support a recommendation that hearing-impaired pilots use assistive communication technology and not fly with strictly passive headsets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The combined effects of flight environment with individual hearing levels should be considered when making recommendations concerning continued aviation flight status and those concerning communications headsets used in high-noise cockpits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720812461013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,30]],"date-time":"2012-09-30T22:09:50Z","timestamp":1349042990000},"page":"486-498","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Effects of Headset, Flight Workload, Hearing Ability, and Communications Message Quality on Pilot Performance"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Kristen L.","family":"Casto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of the Surgeon General, Falls Church, Virginia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John G.","family":"Casali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720812461013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahroon W. A., Gordon E., Mozo B. T., Katz L. C. (2000). Communications effectiveness when using the communications earplug or expandable-foam earplug with the HGU-56\/P aviator helmet (USAARL Report No. 2000-27). Retrieved from www.usaarl.army.mil\/TechReports\/2000-27.PDF","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA384639"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720812461013","volume-title":"ANSI S3.5-1997: Methods for calculation of the speech intelligibility index","author":"American National Standards Institute","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr3-0018720812461013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20855\/ijav.2010.15.4269"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720812461013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1557234X0600200108"},{"key":"bibr5-0018720812461013","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2007 International Congress of Noise Control Engineering","author":"Casali J. G.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr6-0018720812461013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casto K. L. (2009). An examination of headset, hearing sensitivity, flight workload, and communication signal quality on Black Hawk helicopter simulator pilot performance (PhD dissertation). Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA. Retrieved from http:\/\/scholar.lib.vt.edu\/theses\/available\/etd-08142009-215130\/","DOI":"10.1037\/e578622012-017"},{"key":"bibr7-0018720812461013","volume-title":"Paper presented at the Military Audiology Short Course","author":"Casto K. L.","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr8-0018720812461013","unstructured":"Hearing conservation program\n                      (Department of the Army Pamphlet 40-501). (1998). Washington, DC: Department of the Army."},{"key":"bibr9-0018720812461013","volume-title":"Defining the cockpit noise hazard, aircrew hearing damage risk and the benefits active noise reduction headsets can provide","author":"James S. H.","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr10-0018720812461013","volume-title":"Communication earplug and active noise reduction: Hearing protection technologies for air warrior","author":"Mason K. T.","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr11-0018720812461013","volume-title":"Tactile situation awareness system flight demonstration final report","author":"McGrath B. J.","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr12-0018720812461013","unstructured":"Mozo B. T. (2004). CEP introduction. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cep-usa.com\/index.htm."},{"key":"bibr13-0018720812461013","volume-title":"Evaluation of the communications earplug in the H-53 and CH-46 helicopter environments","author":"Mozo B. T.","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr14-0018720812461013","volume-title":"The effects of speech intelligibility on crew performance in an M1A1 tank simulator","author":"Peters L. J.","year":"1990"},{"key":"bibr15-0018720812461013","first-page":"132","volume":"75","author":"Ribera J. E.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"bibr16-0018720812461013","volume-title":"Hearing and job performance","author":"Soli S. D.","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr17-0018720812461013","unstructured":"Standards of medical fitness\n                      (Army Regulation 40-501). (2007). Washington, DC: Department of the Army."},{"key":"bibr18-0018720812461013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/001401397188206"},{"key":"bibr19-0018720812461013","unstructured":"Wolfinger R. D., Chang M. (1998). Comparing the SAS GLM and MIXED procedures for repeated measures. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ats.ucla.edu\/stat\/sas\/library\/mixedglm.pdf"},{"key":"bibr20-0018720812461013","unstructured":"Woodson J. (2006). Flight surgeon\u2019s aeromedical checklists. Retrieved from https:\/\/aamaweb.usaama.rucker.amedd.army.mil\/AAMAWeb\/policyltrs\/Army_APLs_Mar06_v3.pdf"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720812461013","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0018720812461013","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720812461013","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:50:10Z","timestamp":1777449010000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0018720812461013"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,28]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0018720812461013"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720812461013","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,28]]}}}